University of Toronto, Rotman Research Institute, Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1.
Neuropsychologia. 2014 Jan;53:104-14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Nov 23.
The term "schema" has been used to describe vastly different knowledge structures within the memory neuroscience literature. Ambiguous terminology hinders cross-study comparisons and confounds interpretation of the suggested role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in schema functions. Based on an extensive review of the psychological literature, we propose a framework for distinguishing memory schemas from other knowledge structures. The framework includes a definition of schema as possessing four necessary and sufficient features, and four additional features schemas are sensitive to, which are not required but do play a frequent and central role in schema functions. Necessary schema features are (1) an associative network structure, (2) basis on multiple episodes, (3) lack of unit detail, and (4) adaptability. Features schemas are sensitive to are (5) chronological relationships, (6) hierarchical organization, (7) cross-connectivity, and (8) embedded response options. Additionally, we suggest that vmPFC activity observed in studies of schemas corresponds with participants' coordination of existing schemas with ongoing task demands.
“模式”一词在记忆神经科学文献中被用来描述差异极大的知识结构。术语的不明确阻碍了跨研究的比较，并混淆了对腹内侧前额叶皮层（vmPFC）在模式功能中所起作用的解释。基于对心理学文献的广泛回顾，我们提出了一个区分记忆模式和其他知识结构的框架。该框架包括将模式定义为具有四个必要和充分的特征，以及模式敏感的四个额外特征，这些特征不是必需的，但在模式功能中经常且起着核心作用。必要的模式特征是：（1）联想网络结构，（2）基于多个情节，（3）缺乏单元细节，（4）适应性。模式敏感的特征是：（5）时间关系，（6）层次组织，（7）交叉连接，（8）嵌入的响应选项。此外，我们还建议，在对模式进行研究中观察到的 vmPFC 活动与参与者将现有的模式与正在进行的任务需求进行协调相对应。
