Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2017 Aug;21(8):618-631. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.013. Epub 2017 May 24.
Schemas are superordinate knowledge structures that reflect abstracted commonalities across multiple experiences, exerting powerful influences over how events are perceived, interpreted, and remembered. Activated schema templates modulate early perceptual processing, as they get populated with specific informational instances (schema instantiation). Instantiated schemas, in turn, can enhance or distort mnemonic processing from the outset (at encoding), impact offline memory transformation and accelerate neocortical integration. Recent studies demonstrate distinctive neurobiological processes underlying schema-related learning. Interactions between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), hippocampus, angular gyrus (AG), and unimodal associative cortices support context-relevant schema instantiation and schema mnemonic effects. The vmPFC and hippocampus may compete (as suggested by some models) or synchronize (as suggested by others) to optimize schema-related learning depending on the specific operationalization of schema memory. This highlights the need for more precise definitions of memory schemas.
模式是一种超上级知识结构，反映了多个经验之间的抽象共性，对事件的感知、解释和记忆方式产生强大影响。激活的模式模板调节早期的感知处理，因为它们被具体的信息实例（模式实例化）填充。反过来，实例化的模式可以从一开始（在编码时）增强或扭曲记忆处理，影响离线记忆转换并加速新皮质整合。最近的研究表明，模式相关学习有独特的神经生物学过程。腹内侧前额叶皮层（vmPFC）、海马体、角回（AG）和单模态联合皮质之间的相互作用支持与上下文相关的模式实例化和模式记忆效应。vmPFC 和海马体可能会竞争（如一些模型所建议的）或同步（如其他模型所建议的），以根据模式记忆的具体操作来优化模式相关学习。这凸显了更精确定义记忆模式的必要性。
