Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, 318-2 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Cardiol Clin. 2014 Feb;32(1):9-19, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2013.09.015.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that is heterogeneous in both pathophysiology and etiology. This article describes some of the common mechanisms underlying heart failure, and reviews common causes. Informative diagnostic testing is reviewed.
心力衰竭是一种临床综合征，其病理生理学和病因学均存在异质性。本文描述了心力衰竭的一些常见机制，并回顾了常见病因。还对有意义的诊断检测进行了综述。
