Perioperative management of the patient with diabetes mellitus: update and overview.

Perioperative management of diabetic patients involves optimizing glycemic control and negotiating comorbidities to help reduce complications and obtain results on par with nondiabetics. These goals are usually achievable in the elective surgical setting, but they can be more difficult to control in urgent or emergent situations. Understanding and recognizing the comorbidities associated with diabetes is imperative for optimizing outcomes. Regulating hyperglycemia can reduce morbidity, mortality, and postoperative infections. Understanding the effects of cardiac and renal disease is also important. Taking a team approach in managing these complex patients leads to improved outcomes and is now considered the standard of care.