Emerging Field Oxidative Stress and DNA Stability, Research Platform Active Aging, and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria;
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Feb 1;116(3):274-87. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2013. Epub 2013 Dec 5.
Reprogramming of gene expression is fundamental for skeletal muscle adaptations in response to endurance exercise. This study investigated the time course-dependent changes in the muscular transcriptome after an endurance exercise trial consisting of 1 h of intense cycling immediately followed by 1 h of intense running. Skeletal muscle samples were taken at baseline, 3 h, 48 h, and 96 h postexercise from eight healthy, endurance-trained men. RNA was extracted from muscle. Differential gene expression was evaluated using Illumina microarrays and validated with qPCR. Gene set enrichment analysis identified enriched molecular signatures chosen from the Molecular Signatures Database. Three hours postexercise, 102 gene sets were upregulated [family wise error rate (FWER), P < 0.05], including groups of genes related with leukocyte migration, immune and chaperone activation, and cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) 1 signaling. Forty-eight hours postexercise, among 19 enriched gene sets (FWER, P < 0.05), two gene sets related to actin cytoskeleton remodeling were upregulated. Ninety-six hours postexercise, 83 gene sets were enriched (FWER, P < 0.05), 80 of which were upregulated, including gene groups related to chemokine signaling, cell stress management, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These data provide comprehensive insights into the molecular pathways involved in acute stress, recovery, and adaptive muscular responses to endurance exercise. The novel 96 h postexercise transcriptome indicates substantial transcriptional activity potentially associated with the prolonged presence of leukocytes in the muscles. This suggests that muscular recovery, from a transcriptional perspective, is incomplete 96 h after endurance exercise involving muscle damage.
基因表达的重编程是骨骼肌对耐力运动适应的基础。本研究探讨了在 1 小时剧烈骑行后紧接着进行 1 小时剧烈跑步的耐力运动试验后，肌肉转录组随时间的变化。从 8 名健康、耐力训练的男性中，在基线、3 小时、48 小时和 96 小时后采集骨骼肌样本。从肌肉中提取 RNA。使用 Illumina 微阵列评估差异基因表达，并使用 qPCR 进行验证。基因集富集分析从分子特征数据库中选择富集的分子特征。运动后 3 小时，有 102 个基因集上调（错误发现率 (FWER)，P < 0.05），包括与白细胞迁移、免疫和伴侣蛋白激活以及环 AMP 反应元件结合蛋白 (CREB) 1 信号相关的基因群。运动后 48 小时，在 19 个富集的基因集中（FWER，P < 0.05），两个与肌动蛋白细胞骨架重塑相关的基因集上调。运动后 96 小时，有 83 个基因集富集（FWER，P < 0.05），其中 80 个上调，包括与趋化因子信号、细胞应激管理和细胞外基质重塑相关的基因群。这些数据提供了对急性应激、恢复和对耐力运动的适应性肌肉反应所涉及的分子途径的全面了解。新的运动后 96 小时转录组表明，转录活性很大程度上与运动后肌肉中白细胞的持续存在有关。这表明，从转录角度来看，涉及肌肉损伤的耐力运动后 96 小时，肌肉恢复尚未完成。
