Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Irstea, Research Unit: Information & Technologies for Agro-processes, 361 rue JF Breton, 34196 Montpellier, France.
Chemosphere. 2014 Apr;100:175-81. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.037. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
In Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) provides emission data to the various environmental compartments and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) determines the final distribution, fate and effects. Due to the overlap between the Technosphere (anthropogenic system) and Ecosphere (environment) in agricultural case studies, it is, however, complicated to establish what LCI needs to capture and where LCIA takes over. This paper aims to provide guidance and improvements of LCI/LCIA boundary definitions, in the dimensions of space and time. For this, a literature review was conducted to provide a clear overview of available methods and models for both LCI and LCIA regarding toxicological assessments of pesticides used in crop production. Guidelines are provided to overcome the gaps between LCI and LCIA modeling, and prevent the overlaps in their respective operational spheres. The proposed framework provides a starting point for LCA practitioners to gather the right data and use the proper models to include all relevant emission and exposure routes where possible. It is also able to predict a clear distinction between efficient and inefficient management practices (e.g. using different application rates, washing and rinsing management, etc.). By applying this framework for toxicological assessments of pesticides, LCI and LCIA can be directly linked, removing any overlaps or gaps in between the two distinct LCA steps.
在生命周期评估 (LCA) 中，生命周期清单 (LCI) 向各个环境区提供排放数据，而生命周期影响评估 (LCIA) 则确定最终的分布、命运和影响。然而，由于农业案例研究中技术圈（人为系统）和生态圈（环境）之间存在重叠，因此很难确定 LCI 需要捕获什么，以及 LCIA 需要接管什么。本文旨在提供 LCI/LCIA 边界定义的指导和改进，从空间和时间两个维度进行考虑。为此，进行了文献回顾，以提供有关用于作物生产的农药的毒理学评估的 LCI 和 LCIA 方法和模型的清晰概述。提供了指导方针以克服 LCI 和 LCIA 建模之间的差距，并防止它们各自的操作范围重叠。所提出的框架为 LCA 从业者提供了一个起点，以便他们可以收集正确的数据并使用适当的模型来尽可能包括所有相关的排放和暴露途径。它还能够预测高效和低效管理实践之间的明确区别（例如，使用不同的施用量、洗涤和冲洗管理等）。通过将该框架应用于农药的毒理学评估，LCI 和 LCIA 可以直接关联，消除两个不同 LCA 步骤之间的任何重叠或差距。
