U Eddy
Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis.
Br J Sociol. 2013 Dec;64(4):617-42. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12036.
How did 'intellectuals' evolve from a class of subjects in Marxian thoughts to highly visible populations under communism? Such 'reifications of the intellectual' have deeply affected subjectivity, conflict and organization, but received little attention in the political sociology of communism. This essay draws on research on classifications and social boundaries to address the objective and subjective foundations of the reifications and their impact on communist rule. The intellectual is viewed as an identification formed and performed around multiple social axes (most notably family background, educational achievement, occupational history, institutional affiliation and revolutionary rank) that reflected broader patterns of communist political domination. I use the Chinese Communist movement to demonstrate that (1) interaction of political contests, ruling strategies and institutional developments turned a diversity of persons into 'intellectuals' who were allegedly imbued with reprehensible interests and habits linked to privileged economic classes; (2) constant competitions for power and organizational changes led to classificatory ambiguities and, in turn, allowed individuals some control over their identifications; and (3) the developments profoundly influenced identity, state and class formation. Focusing on the dynamics that produced a highly visible but fluid population of 'intellectuals' opens new pathways for comparative research on communism.
“知识分子”是如何从马克思主义思想中的一类主体，演变成共产主义制度下引人注目的群体的？这种“知识分子的物化”深刻影响了主体性、冲突和组织，但在共产主义政治社会学中却很少受到关注。本文借鉴分类和社会边界的研究，探讨这种物化的客观和主观基础及其对共产主义统治的影响。知识分子被视为围绕多个社会轴（最显著的是家庭背景、教育成就、职业经历、机构隶属关系和革命等级）形成并表现出来的一种身份认同，这些社会轴反映了共产主义政治统治的更广泛模式。我以中国共产主义运动为例证明：（1）政治斗争、统治策略和制度发展的相互作用，将形形色色的人变成了“知识分子”，这些人被认为具有与特权经济阶层相关的应受谴责的利益和习惯；（2）持续的权力竞争和组织变革导致了分类上的模糊性，进而使个人能够对自己的身份认同有一定的掌控；（3）这些发展深刻影响了身份认同、国家和阶级的形成。关注产生一个引人注目的但流动的“知识分子”群体的动态过程，为共产主义的比较研究开辟了新途径。
