Mueller Erik M, Burgdorf Christin, Chavanon Mira-Lynn, Schweiger Desiree, Wacker Jan, Stemmler Gerhard
Department of Psychology, Gießen University, Gießen, Germany,
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jun;14(2):756-68. doi: 10.3758/s13415-013-0228-9.
The agency facet of extraversion (aE) describes individual differences in goal-directed behavior and has been linked to dopamine function in incentive contexts. Because dopamine presumably modulates the processing of negative feedback/failure, aE may relate to failure processing in incentive contexts. To test this hypothesis, N = 86 participants performed a virtual ball-catching task. An incentive context was created by displaying potential rewards and subtle manipulations of task performance, which either was (control group) or was not (incentive context group) made explicit. To probe the involvement of dopamine, participants received either placebo or the selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (200 mg). Failure processing was assessed through negative-feedback-evoked differences in the frontal midline theta electroencephalogram power (DFMT) and in the feedback-related negativity event-related potential component (FRN). Before incentives were introduced, DFMT (but not the FRN) was related to neuroticism/anxiety. Importantly, once incentives were displayed, aE was associated with DFMT, FRN, task performance, and changes in self-reported positive affect, which further depended on incentive context group and/or substance group: In the incentive context group but not in the control group, agentic extraverts showed relatively blunted DFMT after placebo. Sulpiride significantly enhanced DFMT, whereas it reduced FRN amplitudes and performance in agentic extra- versus introverts. These findings provide strong support for current dopamine models of aE and failure processing, and also highlight the importance of task context. Moreover, the dissociations of FRN and DFMT suggest the existence of two nonredundant electrophysiological indices of feedback processing, both relating to dopamine and aE.
外向性的能动性方面（aE）描述了目标导向行为中的个体差异，并且在激励情境中与多巴胺功能相关联。由于多巴胺可能调节负面反馈/失败的处理过程，aE可能与激励情境中的失败处理有关。为了验证这一假设，86名参与者进行了一项虚拟接球任务。通过展示潜在奖励和对任务表现的微妙操纵来创建激励情境，这种操纵在（对照组）或不在（激励情境组）中明确呈现。为了探究多巴胺的参与情况，参与者接受了安慰剂或选择性多巴胺D2受体拮抗剂舒必利（200毫克）。通过额叶中线θ脑电图功率（DFMT）和反馈相关负波事件相关电位成分（FRN）中负反馈诱发的差异来评估失败处理情况。在引入激励之前，DFMT（而非FRN）与神经质/焦虑有关。重要的是，一旦展示了激励，aE与DFMT、FRN、任务表现以及自我报告的积极情绪变化相关，这进一步取决于激励情境组和/或药物组：在激励情境组而非对照组中，能动性外向者在服用安慰剂后DFMT相对减弱。舒必利显著增强了DFMT，而它降低了能动性外向者与内向者相比的FRN振幅和表现。这些发现为当前关于aE和失败处理的多巴胺模型提供了有力支持，也突出了任务情境的重要性。此外，FRN和DFMT的分离表明存在两种非冗余的反馈处理电生理指标，它们都与多巴胺和aE有关。
