Matchock Robert L, Mordkoff J Toby
Psychology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, Altoona, E133B Smith Building, 3000 Ivyside Park, Altoona, PA, 16601, USA,
Exp Brain Res. 2014 Mar;232(3):811-20. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3790-z. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Awakening from different sleep stages, percentage of different stages of sleep subsumed within a sleep episode, and sleep episode length, have all been hypothesized to affect cognitive performance upon awakening. To further examine the contribution of these factors, 14 healthy participants slept for 3 h (0300-0600 hours) and 6 h (2400-0600 hours), with each sleep episode separated by 1 week. Electroencephalographic measures were taken throughout each sleep episode, and participants completed the Attentional Network Test, which measures alerting, orienting, and executive functioning (conflict) components of attention, upon awakening. Overall, mean reaction time (RT) was slower in the 3- and 6-h post-sleep conditions than in a baseline (pre-sleep) condition. Alerting, orienting, and conflict measures of attention did not significantly differ across the baseline and two post-sleep conditions. Awakening from REM sleep resulted in slower overall RT than awakening from lighter sleep (stages 1 and 2). In multiple regression analyses, overall RT was predicted by the duration of slow wave sleep (SWS), such that more time spent in SWS was associated with an overall slowing of RT. Conflict scores were predicted by the duration of REM; that is, more time spent in REM was associated with greater amounts of conflict (i.e., larger flanker effects). These data provide more information about the process of awakening and suggest that SWS and REM influence different aspects of attention upon awakening.
从不同睡眠阶段醒来、睡眠周期中包含的不同睡眠阶段的百分比以及睡眠周期长度，都被认为会影响醒来后的认知表现。为了进一步研究这些因素的作用，14名健康参与者分别进行了3小时（03:00 - 06:00）和6小时（24:00 - 06:00）的睡眠，每个睡眠周期间隔1周。在每个睡眠周期中都进行了脑电图测量，参与者在醒来后完成了注意力网络测试，该测试测量注意力的警觉、定向和执行功能（冲突）成分。总体而言，睡眠后3小时和6小时条件下的平均反应时间（RT）比基线（睡眠前）条件下要慢。注意力的警觉、定向和冲突测量在基线和两个睡眠后条件之间没有显著差异。从快速眼动（REM）睡眠中醒来导致的总体反应时间比从浅睡眠（第1和第2阶段）中醒来要慢。在多元回归分析中，总体反应时间由慢波睡眠（SWS）的持续时间预测，即慢波睡眠中花费的时间越多，反应时间总体上越慢。冲突分数由快速眼动睡眠的持续时间预测；也就是说，快速眼动睡眠中花费的时间越多，冲突量就越大（即侧翼效应越大）。这些数据提供了关于醒来过程的更多信息，并表明慢波睡眠和快速眼动睡眠在醒来时会影响注意力的不同方面。
