Bar-Anan Yoav, Amzaleg-David Efrat
a Department of Psychology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Be'er Sheva , Israel.
Cogn Emot. 2014;28(6):1030-46. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.867835. Epub 2013 Dec 20.
Three experiments tested the effect of an attitude towards an object on the memory judgement of whether this object co-occurred with positive versus negative stimuli. We induced positive or negative attitudes towards novel male stimuli, and paired each man with an equal number of positive and negative animals. In a memory test, participants reported more co-occurrences of same-valence man/animal pairs than opposite-valence pairs. This valence-compatibility effect occurred even when attitudes were induced after the pairing (Experiment 1), when participants knew that each man occurred with an equal number of positive and negative animals (Experiment 2), and in reports of clear memory of pairs that did not co-occur (Experiment 3). The present findings suggest that evaluation causes illusory correlation even when the co-occurring stimuli are not traits or behaviours attributed to the attitude object. The results question the validity of co-occurrence memory judgements as measures of co-occurrence awareness in evaluative conditioning (EC) research.
三项实验测试了对某一物体的态度对关于该物体与积极或消极刺激是否同时出现的记忆判断的影响。我们诱导对新的男性刺激产生积极或消极态度，并将每个男性与数量相等的积极和消极动物配对。在记忆测试中，参与者报告同价的男性/动物对同时出现的情况比异价对更多。即使在配对后诱导态度（实验1）、参与者知道每个男性与数量相等的积极和消极动物同时出现（实验2）以及在未同时出现的配对的清晰记忆报告中（实验3），这种价态兼容性效应也会出现。目前的研究结果表明，即使同时出现的刺激不是归因于态度对象的特质或行为，评价也会导致错觉相关。这些结果质疑了在评价性条件作用（EC）研究中，将同时出现的记忆判断作为同时出现意识的测量指标的有效性。
