Sattler T, Pezzatti G B, Nobis M P, Obrist M K, Roth T, Moretti M
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Community Ecology, Via Belsoggiorno 22, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
Conserv Biol. 2014 Apr;28(2):414-26. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12213. Epub 2013 Dec 26.
Surrogates, such as umbrella species, are commonly used to reduce the complexity of quantifying biodiversity for conservation purposes. The presence of umbrella species is often indicative of high taxonomic diversity; however, functional diversity is now recognized as an important metric for biodiversity and thus should be considered when choosing umbrella species. We identified umbrella species associated with high taxonomic and functional biodiversity in urban areas in Switzerland. We analyzed 39,752 individuals of 574 animal species from 96 study plots and 1397 presences of 262 plant species from 58 plots. Thirty-one biodiversity measures of 7 taxonomic groups (plants, spiders, bees, ground beetles, lady bugs, weevils and birds) were included in within- and across-taxa analyses. Sixteen measures were taxonomical (species richness and species diversity), whereas 15 were functional (species traits including mobility, resource use, and reproduction). We used indicator value analysis to identify umbrella species associated with single or multiple biodiversity measures. Many umbrella species were indicators of high biodiversity within their own taxonomic group (from 33.3% in weevils to 93.8% in birds), to a lesser extent they were indicators across taxa. Principal component analysis revealed that umbrella species for multiple measures of biodiversity represented different aspects of biodiversity, especially with respect to measures of taxonomic and functional diversity. Thus, even umbrella species for multiple measures of biodiversity were complementary in the biodiversity aspects they represented. Thus, the choice of umbrella species based solely on taxonomic diversity is questionable and may not represent biodiversity comprehensively. Our results suggest that, depending on conservation priorities, managers should choose multiple and complementary umbrella species to assess the state of biodiversity.
替代物种，如保护伞物种，通常被用于降低为保护目的而量化生物多样性的复杂性。保护伞物种的存在往往表明分类多样性高；然而，功能多样性现在被认为是生物多样性的一个重要指标，因此在选择保护伞物种时应予以考虑。我们确定了瑞士城市地区与高分类和功能生物多样性相关的保护伞物种。我们分析了来自96个研究地块的574种动物的39752个个体以及来自58个地块的262种植物的1397次出现情况。在分类群内和跨分类群分析中纳入了7个分类群（植物、蜘蛛、蜜蜂、步甲、瓢虫、象鼻虫和鸟类）的31种生物多样性指标。其中16种是分类学指标（物种丰富度和物种多样性），而15种是功能指标（包括移动性、资源利用和繁殖等物种特征）。我们使用指示值分析来确定与单一或多种生物多样性指标相关的保护伞物种。许多保护伞物种是其自身分类群内高生物多样性的指示物种（从象鼻虫的33.3%到鸟类的93.8%），在较小程度上它们也是跨分类群的指示物种。主成分分析表明，多种生物多样性指标的保护伞物种代表了生物多样性的不同方面，特别是在分类和功能多样性指标方面。因此，即使是多种生物多样性指标的保护伞物种在所代表的生物多样性方面也是互补的。因此，仅基于分类多样性选择保护伞物种是有问题的，可能无法全面代表生物多样性。我们的结果表明，根据保护重点，管理者应选择多种互补的保护伞物种来评估生物多样性状况。
