Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA.
Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2014 Jan-Feb;49(1):139-47. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12053. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
Overt stuttering is inhibited by approximately 80% when people who stutter read aloud as they hear an altered form of their speech feedback to them. However, levels of stuttering inhibition vary from 60% to 100% depending on speaking situation and signal presentation. For example, binaural presentations of delayed auditory feedback (DAF) and frequency-altered feedback (FAF) have been shown to reduce stuttering by approximately 57% during scripted telephone conversations.
To examine stuttering frequency under monaural auditory feedback with one combination of DAF with FAF (COMBO-2) and two combinations of DAF with FAF (COMBO-4) during scripted telephone conversations.
METHODS & PROCEDURES: Nine adult participants who stutter called 15 local businesses during scripted telephone conversations; each condition consisted of five randomized telephone calls. Conditions consisted of (1) baseline (i.e. non-altered feedback), (2) COMBO-2 (i.e. 50-ms delay with a half octave spectral shift up), and (3) COMBO-4 (i.e. 200-ms delay and a half octave spectral shift down in addition to the COMBO-2). Participants wore a supra-aural headset with a dynamic condenser microphone while holding a receiver to their contralateral ear when making telephone calls.
OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Stuttering was significantly reduced during both altered auditory feedback (AAF) conditions by approximately 65%. Furthermore, a greater reduction in stuttering was revealed during the COMBO with four effects (74%) as compared with the COMBO with two effects (63%).
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Results from the current study support prior research reporting decreased stuttering under AAF during scripted telephone conversations. Findings that stuttering was significantly reduced to a greater extent under the COMBO with four effects condition suggest that second signals reduce stuttering along a continuum. Additionally, findings support prior research results of decreased stuttering frequency under AAF during hierarchically difficult speaking situations. Clinical application of these findings may be that people who stutter can use specific software or smartphone applications that produce second speech signals to inhibit stuttering frequency effectively during telephone conversations.
当口吃者听到他们的言语被改变形式的反馈时，大约 80%的口吃会被抑制。然而，口吃抑制水平在 60%到 100%之间变化，这取决于说话情境和信号呈现方式。例如，双耳呈现延迟听觉反馈（DAF）和频率改变反馈（FAF）已被证明可以在脚本电话交谈中减少大约 57%的口吃。
在脚本电话交谈中，检查单耳听觉反馈下的口吃频率，以及 DAF 和 FAF 的一种组合（COMBO-2）和 DAF 和 FAF 的两种组合（COMBO-4）。
9 名口吃成年人在脚本电话交谈中拨打了 15 个当地企业的电话；每种情况包括 5 个随机电话。条件包括（1）基线（即未改变的反馈）、（2）COMBO-2（即 50 毫秒延迟，半音程频谱上移）和（3）COMBO-4（即 200 毫秒延迟，外加 COMBO-2 的半音程频谱下移）。参与者在打电话时戴着带有动圈式麦克风的头戴式耳机，并用接收器握住对侧耳朵。
在两种改变听觉反馈（AAF）条件下，口吃显著减少了约 65%。此外，与 COMBO-2 相比，COMBO-4 中存在四种效果时的口吃减少幅度更大（74%）。
当前研究的结果支持先前的研究报告，即在脚本电话交谈中，AAF 下口吃减少。在 COMBO-4 中存在四种效果的情况下口吃显著减少的结果表明，第二个信号沿着连续统减少口吃。此外，研究结果支持先前关于在层次困难说话情境下 AAF 下口吃频率降低的研究结果。这些发现的临床应用可能是口吃者可以使用产生第二言语信号的特定软件或智能手机应用程序，在电话交谈中有效地抑制口吃频率。
