Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Mar 1;473-474:714-30. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.095. Epub 2014 Jan 10.
Climate change in the UK is expected to cause increases in temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and more frequent and extreme weather events. In this review we discuss climate effects on dissolved organic matter (DOM), how altered DOM and water physico-chemical properties will affect treatment processes and assess the utility of techniques used to remove DOM and monitor water quality. A critical analysis of the literature has been undertaken with a focus on catchment drivers of DOM character, removal of DOM via coagulation and the formation of disinfectant by-products (DBPs). We suggest that: (1) upland catchments recovering from acidification will continue to produce more DOM with a greater hydrophobic fraction as solubility controls decrease; (2) greater seasonality in DOM export is likely in future due to altered precipitation patterns; (3) changes in species diversity and water properties could encourage algal blooms; and (4) that land management and vegetative changes may have significant effects on DOM export and treatability but require further research. Increases in DBPs may occur where catchments have high influence from peatlands or where algal blooms become an issue. To increase resilience to variable DOM quantity and character we suggest that one or more of the following steps are undertaken at the treatment works: a) 'enhanced coagulation' optimised for DOM removal; b) switching from aluminium to ferric coagulants and/or incorporating coagulant aids; c) use of magnetic ion-exchange (MIEX) pre-coagulation; and d) activated carbon filtration post-coagulation. Fluorescence and UV absorbance techniques are highlighted as potential methods for low-cost, rapid on-line process optimisation to improve DOM removal and minimise DBPs.
英国的气候变化预计将导致气温升高、降水模式改变以及更频繁和极端的天气事件。在本次综述中，我们讨论了气候变化对溶解有机物（DOM）的影响、DOM 和水物理化学性质的改变将如何影响处理过程，并评估了用于去除 DOM 和监测水质的技术的实用性。我们对文献进行了批判性分析，重点关注 DOM 特征的流域驱动因素、通过混凝去除 DOM 以及消毒剂副产物（DBP）的形成。我们认为：（1）正在从酸化中恢复的高地流域将继续产生更多具有更大疏水性部分的 DOM，因为溶解度控制会降低；（2）由于降水模式的改变，未来 DOM 输出的季节性差异可能更大；（3）物种多样性和水性质的变化可能会促进藻类大量繁殖；（4）土地管理和植被变化可能对 DOM 输出和可处理性产生重大影响，但需要进一步研究。如果流域受到高比例泥炭地的影响或藻类大量繁殖成为问题，DBP 可能会增加。为了提高对 DOM 数量和性质变化的适应能力，我们建议在处理厂采取以下一项或多项措施：（a）针对 DOM 去除进行优化的“强化混凝”；（b）从铝改为铁混凝剂，和/或加入混凝助剂；（c）使用磁离子交换（MIEX）预混凝；（d）混凝后进行活性炭过滤。荧光和紫外吸收技术被强调为低成本、快速在线过程优化的潜在方法，以提高 DOM 去除率并最小化 DBP。
