a Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.
Vet Q. 2013 Dec;33(4):207-16. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2013.875240. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
Liver cell turnover is very slow, especially compared to intestines and stomach epithelium and hair cells. Since the liver is the main detoxifying organ in the body, it does not come as a surprise that the liver has an unmatched regenerative capacity. After 70% partial hepatectomy, the liver size returns to normal in about two weeks due to replication of differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Despite this, liver diseases are regularly encountered in the veterinary clinic. Dogs primarily present with parenchymal pathologies such as hepatitis. The estimated frequency of canine hepatitis depends on the investigated population and accounts for 1%-2% of our university clinic referral population, and up to 12% in a general population. In chronic and severe acute liver disease, the regenerative and replicative capacity of the hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes falls short and the liver is not restored. In this situation, proliferation of hepatic stem cells or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), on histology called the ductular reaction, comes into play to replace the damaged hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. For unknown reasons the ductular reaction is often too little and too late, or differentiation into fully differentiated hepatocytes or cholangiocytes is hampered. In this way, HPCs fail to fully regenerate the liver. The presence and potential of HPCs does, however, provide great prospectives for their use in regenerative strategies. This review highlights the regulation of, and the interaction between, HPCs and other liver cell types and discusses potential regenerative medicine-oriented strategies in canine hepatitis, making use of (liver) stem cells.
肝细胞的更新速度非常缓慢，尤其是与肠道和胃上皮细胞以及毛细胞相比。由于肝脏是人体主要的解毒器官，因此肝脏具有无与伦比的再生能力也就不足为奇了。在进行 70%的肝部分切除术后，由于分化的肝细胞和胆管细胞的复制，肝脏大小约在两周内恢复正常。尽管如此，兽医诊所还是经常会遇到肝脏疾病。狗主要表现为实质病变，如肝炎。犬肝炎的估计频率取决于所研究的人群，在我们大学诊所的转诊人群中占 1%-2%，在一般人群中占 12%。在慢性和严重急性肝疾病中，肝细胞和/或胆管细胞的再生和复制能力不足，肝脏无法恢复。在这种情况下，肝干细胞或肝祖细胞（HPC）的增殖，在组织学上称为胆管反应，就会发挥作用，以替代受损的肝细胞或胆管细胞。由于未知原因，胆管反应通常太少且太晚，或者分化为完全分化的肝细胞或胆管细胞受到阻碍。这样，HPC 就无法完全再生肝脏。然而，HPC 的存在和潜力为它们在再生策略中的应用提供了巨大的前景。这篇综述强调了 HPC 与其他肝细胞类型之间的调节和相互作用，并讨论了犬肝炎中潜在的再生医学导向策略，利用（肝）干细胞。
