Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA.
Confl Health. 2014 Jan 18;8(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1752-1505-8-2.
Following the contested national elections in 2007, violence occurred throughout Kenya. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and health consequences of the 2007-2008 election-related violence.
A cross-sectional, national, population-based cluster survey of 956 Kenyan adults aged ≥ 18 years was conducted in Kenya in September 2011 utilizing a two-stage 90 x 10 cluster sample design and structured interviews and questionnaires. Prevalence of all forms of violence surrounding the 2007 election period, symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and morbidity related to sexual and physical violence were assessed.
Of 956 households surveyed, 916 households participated (response rate 95.8%). Compared to pre-election, election-related sexual violence incidents/1000 persons/year increased over 60-fold (39.1-2370.1; p < .001) with a concurrent 37-fold increase in opportunistic sexual violence (5.2-183.1; p < .001). Physical and other human rights violations increased 80-fold (25.0-1987.1; p < .001) compared to pre-election. Overall, 50% of households reported at least one physical or sexual violation. Households reporting violence were more likely to report violence among female household members (66.6% vs. 58.1%; p = .04) or among the Luhya ethnic group (17.0% vs. 13.8%; p = 0.03). The most common perpetrators of election-related sexual violence were reported to be affiliated with government or political groups (1670.5 incidents/1000 persons per year); the Kalenjin ethnic group for physical violations (54.6%). Over thirty percent of respondents met MDD and PTSD symptom criteria; however, symptoms of MDD (females, 63.3%; males, 36.7%; p = .01) and suicidal ideation (females, 68.5%; males, 31.5%; p = .04) were more common among females. Substance abuse was more common among males (males, 71.2%; females, 28.8%; p < .001).
On a national level in Kenya, politically-motivated and opportunistic sexual and physical violations were commonly reported among sampled adults with associated health and mental health outcomes.
2007 年肯尼亚全国有争议的选举之后，全国各地发生了暴力事件。本研究的目的是评估 2007-2008 年选举相关暴力事件的流行率、特征和对健康的影响。
2011 年 9 月，在肯尼亚利用两阶段 90×10 聚类样本设计和结构化访谈及问卷，对 956 名年龄≥18 岁的肯尼亚成年人进行了一项全国性的、基于人群的聚类调查。评估了 2007 年选举期间所有形式的暴力事件、重度抑郁障碍（MDD）和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状以及与性暴力和身体暴力相关的发病率。
在所调查的 956 户家庭中，有 916 户家庭参与了调查（应答率为 95.8%）。与选举前相比，选举相关的性暴力事件/每 1000 人/年增加了 60 多倍（39.1-2370.1；p<0.001），机会性性暴力增加了 37 倍（5.2-183.1；p<0.001）。与选举前相比，身体和其他人权侵犯增加了 80 倍（25.0-1987.1；p<0.001）。总体而言，50%的家庭报告至少发生了一起身体或性侵犯事件。报告暴力事件的家庭更有可能报告女性家庭成员（66.6%比 58.1%；p=0.04）或卢希亚族裔（17.0%比 13.8%；p=0.03）遭受暴力。选举相关性暴力的最常见犯罪者据报告与政府或政治团体有关（每年每 1000 人有 1670.5 起性暴力事件）；而侵犯身体的暴力犯罪者则是卡伦金族裔（54.6%）。超过 30%的受访者符合 MDD 和 PTSD 症状标准；然而，MDD 症状（女性，63.3%；男性，36.7%；p=0.01）和自杀意念（女性，68.5%；男性，31.5%；p=0.04）在女性中更为常见。药物滥用在男性中更为常见（男性，71.2%；女性，28.8%；p<0.001）。
在肯尼亚全国范围内，政治动机和机会性的性暴力和身体暴力在抽样成年人中较为常见，这些暴力与健康和心理健康后果有关。
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