Safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of artemisinins in pregnancy.

Malaria in pregnancy can lead to serious maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Access to the most effective antimalarials in pregnancy is essential. Resistance to current therapies is high for all antimalarial therapies except artemisinins. Artemisinin-based combination therapy is current the first line of malaria treatment recommended by the WHO for children, adults and pregnant women in second or third trimester. Due to potential embryotoxicity of artemisinins identified in animal studies, artemisinins are not considered safe for use in first trimester of pregnancy. Artemisinins are more rapidly metabolized in pregnant women, but it is not clear whether this reduces efficacy. Most studies show very high cure rates for pregnant women. Areas for further research include the safety profile in first trimester of pregnancy, the effect of HIV infection on artemisinin use in pregnancy, the relationship between the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy, the effect of newly emerging artemisinin resistance on treatment in pregnancy and the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy.