Savastano Luis E, Laurito Sergio R, Fitt Marcos R, Rasmussen Jorge A, Gonzalez Polo Virginia, Patterson Sean I
Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
Instituto de Histología y Embriología - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Apr 30;227:166-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
Sciatic nerve injury has been used for over a century to investigate the process of nerve damage, to assess the absolute and relative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems to recover after axotomy, and to understand the development of chronic pain in many pathologies. Here we provide a historical review of the contributions of this experimental model to our current understanding of fundamental questions in the neurosciences, and an assessment of its continuing capacity to address these and future problems. We describe the different degrees of nerve injury - neurapraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis - together with the consequences of selective damage to the different functional and anatomic components of this nerve. The varied techniques used to model different degrees of nerve injury and their relationship to the development of neuropathic pain states are considered. We also provide a detailed anatomical description of the sciatic nerve from the spinal cord to the peripheral branches in the leg. A standardized protocol for carrying out sciatic nerve axotomy is proposed, with guides to assist in the accurate and reliable dissection of the peripheral and central branches of the nerve. Functional, histological, and biochemical criteria for the validation of the injury are described. Thus, this paper provides a review of the principal features of sciatic nerve injury, presents detailed neuroanatomical descriptions of the rat's inferior limb and spine, compares different modes of injury, offers material for training purposes, and summarizes the immediate and longterm consequences of damage to the sciatic nerve.
一个多世纪以来，坐骨神经损伤一直被用于研究神经损伤过程、评估中枢和周围神经系统在轴突切断后恢复的绝对和相对能力，以及理解多种病理状态下慢性疼痛的发展。在此，我们对这个实验模型在我们当前对神经科学基本问题理解方面所做的贡献进行历史回顾，并评估其解决这些问题及未来问题的持续能力。我们描述了不同程度的神经损伤——神经失用、轴突断裂、神经断裂——以及对该神经不同功能和解剖成分选择性损伤的后果。考虑了用于模拟不同程度神经损伤的各种技术及其与神经性疼痛状态发展的关系。我们还提供了从脊髓到腿部周围分支的坐骨神经的详细解剖描述。提出了一个进行坐骨神经轴突切断术的标准化方案，并给出了有助于准确可靠地解剖神经周围和中枢分支的指南。描述了用于验证损伤的功能、组织学和生化标准。因此，本文对坐骨神经损伤的主要特征进行了综述，给出了大鼠下肢和脊柱的详细神经解剖描述，比较了不同的损伤模式，提供了用于训练目的的材料，并总结了坐骨神经损伤的即时和长期后果。
