Dassen W G, Matsuki H, Kasuga H, Misawa K, Yokoyama H, Shimizu Y
Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokai University.
Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1987 May;12(2):83-95.
In February and in July 1986 the personal exposures to NO2 of 60 children and their mothers were measured and NO2-concentrations in their homes were measured. In the summer also the NO2-concentration in the kitchen was determined during the time that the mother was in the kitchen. The mothers were asked to keep a diary of the activities of her and her child during that day and of the time that the heating appliances, cooking range, etc. were used. In the winter indoor NO2-concentrations and personal exposures of mother and child were much higher than in the summer. In the winter in many cases the Japanese Ambient Air Quality Standard is exceeded. The elevated levels in the winter can be related to the use of NO2-producing heating appliances especially the gas- or oilstove without a flue. Appliance of a flue still causes the indoor NO2-concentrations to be elevated. The division of a study population into two exposure categories on the basis of presence of a non-vented gasstove is therefore inappropriate. An instantaneous gas fired water heater may also contribute to elevated indoor NO2-concentrations and personal exposures, although the present survey could not provide detailed information about the use of a flue and the location of the geyser. The time that a gasrange is being used may influence the indoor NO2-concentrations, but the results from this survey were not clear. Ventilation in the kitchen reduces the indoor NO2-concentrations, although this seems especially true in case the gas range is being used for a long time. In houses with smokers higher NO2-concentrations were found than in houses with non smokers. In the winter the non-vented gas stove is the most important indoor NO2-source. The present study was not able to demonstrate the effect of outdoor NO2-concentrations on the indoor air concentrations. A longer time span would be necessary. The housestructure, i.e. the construction of the house and the number of rooms influence the indoor NO2-concentrations and personal exposure. In the winter all indoor NO2-concentrations are highly intercorrelated and also highly correlated with the personal exposures of mother and child. Multiple regression models based on either measured or time-weighted NO2-concentrations explain about 85 percent of the variance in the personal exposures of child and mother in the winter. The exposures calculated from the time-weighted NO2-concentrations correlate very well with the measured personal exposures. This was not the case in the summer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
1986年2月和7月，对60名儿童及其母亲的个人二氧化氮暴露量进行了测量，并测量了他们家中的二氧化氮浓度。夏季还测定了母亲在厨房时厨房内的二氧化氮浓度。要求母亲记录当天她和孩子的活动，以及使用取暖设备、炉灶等的时间。冬季室内二氧化氮浓度以及母亲和孩子的个人暴露量比夏季高得多。在冬季，很多情况下日本环境空气质量标准被超标。冬季浓度升高可能与使用产生二氧化氮的取暖设备有关，尤其是没有烟道的燃气炉或燃油炉。安装烟道仍会导致室内二氧化氮浓度升高。因此，根据是否有未通风的燃气炉将研究人群分为两个暴露类别是不合适的。即热式燃气热水器也可能导致室内二氧化氮浓度和个人暴露量升高，尽管本次调查无法提供有关烟道使用情况和热水器位置的详细信息。使用燃气炉的时间可能会影响室内二氧化氮浓度，但本次调查结果并不明确。厨房通风可降低室内二氧化氮浓度，不过在长时间使用燃气炉的情况下似乎尤其如此。有吸烟者的房屋中二氧化氮浓度高于无吸烟者的房屋。冬季，未通风的燃气炉是最重要的室内二氧化氮来源。本研究未能证明室外二氧化氮浓度对室内空气浓度的影响。需要更长的时间跨度。房屋结构，即房屋的建造方式和房间数量会影响室内二氧化氮浓度和个人暴露量。冬季，所有室内二氧化氮浓度之间高度相互关联，也与母亲和孩子的个人暴露量高度相关。基于实测或时间加权二氧化氮浓度的多元回归模型可解释冬季儿童和母亲个人暴露量方差的约85%。根据时间加权二氧化氮浓度计算出的暴露量与实测个人暴露量相关性很好。夏季情况并非如此。（摘要截选至400字）
