Allosteric control of kinesin's motor domain by tubulin: a molecular dynamics study.

Molecular motors such as kinesin are essential for many biological processes. These motors have two motor domains, which bind to tubulin filaments, hydrolyze ATP, and transduce the released chemical energy into directed movements. The general principles of this chemomechanical coupling are now well-established but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive because small conformational changes within large proteins are difficult to detect experimentally. Here, we use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to monitor such changes within a single motor domain of KIF1A, which belongs to the kinesin-3 motor family. The nucleotide binding pocket of this domain can be empty or occupied by ATP or ADP. For these three nucleotide states, we determine the mobility of the backbone of the protein, both in solution and attached to tubulin. Only one subdomain of the motor domain is found to exhibit a strongly increased mobility upon binding to tubulin: the neck linker that presumably acts as a mechanical transmitter to the other motor domain in dimeric kinesin-3 motors. Furthermore, upon binding to tubulin, the neck linker mobility becomes sensitive to the bound nucleotide and is highly increased after phosphate release, which implies undocking of this linker from the core of the motor domain. These simulation results are consistent with experimental data from EPR spectroscopy, FRET, and cryo-electron microscopy. A detailed analysis of our simulation data also reveals that the undocking of the neck linker in the ADP-kinesin-tubulin state arises from allosteric interactions between the nucleotide and tubulin and that the β-sheet core undergoes a twist both during phosphate release and ATP binding. The computational approach used here can be applied to other motor domains and mechanoenzymes in order to identify allosteric interactions between the subdomains of these proteins.