Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
Poult Sci. 2014 Jan;93(1):104-13. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03190.
This study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of supplementing hens' diets with trace minerals from inorganic or organic sources on the productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens. Three hundred sixty Hy-Line W36 laying hens between 47 to 62 wk of age were used and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 9 treatments, 5 replicates, and 8 birds for each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet without supplementation of the trace minerals Mn, Zn, and Cu; 4 supplementation levels of these trace minerals from an inorganic source; and the same levels of supplementation from an organic source (proteinates). The supplementation levels in milligrams per kilogram for Mn, Zn, and Cu, were, respectively, 35-30-05, 65-60-10, 95-90-15, and 125-120-20. There was no effect of supplementation of trace minerals on the rate of posture, feed intake, feed conversion, specific weight, and Haugh unit of eggs. However, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of the levels of trace mineral supplementation on average egg weight and egg mass; the results did not differ regarding the source used. The increase in the levels of supplementation of Mn, Zn, and Cu provided a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the breaking strength and the percentage of eggshell. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in the egg loss and the number of mammillary buttons in the shell. The best results were obtained using diets supplemented with trace minerals from an organic source because these diets provided lower egg loss, higher thickness, and increased strength of the shell. Structurally, organic Mn, Zn, and Cu provided higher thickness of the palisade layer and lower mammillary density. The trace mineral supplementation improved the structural characteristics and the quality of the eggshells.
本研究旨在评估在母鸡日粮中补充无机或有机微量元素对产蛋性能、蛋壳质量和蛋壳超微结构的影响。使用了 360 只 47 至 62 周龄的海兰 W36 产蛋母鸡，采用完全随机实验设计，分为 9 个处理组，每组 5 个重复，每个实验单位 8 只鸡。处理组包括不补充锰、锌和铜微量元素的基础日粮；4 个无机来源的微量元素补充水平；以及相同水平的有机来源（蛋白盐）补充。以毫克/千克为单位，锰、锌和铜的补充量分别为 35-30-05、65-60-10、95-90-15 和 125-120-20。微量元素补充对姿势率、采食量、饲料转化率、蛋重和哈夫单位均无影响。然而，微量元素补充水平对平均蛋重和蛋重有二次效应（P<0.05）；来源不同，结果无差异。锰、锌和铜补充水平的增加与蛋壳破裂强度和蛋壳百分比呈线性增加（P<0.05）。蛋壳损失和壳上乳突数线性下降（P<0.05）。使用有机来源补充微量元素的日粮可获得最佳结果，因为这些日粮可降低蛋壳损失、增加壳厚度并提高壳强度。从结构上看，有机锰、锌和铜提供了更高的栅状层厚度和更低的乳突密度。微量元素补充改善了蛋壳的结构特征和质量。
