Davidson Autumn P, Westropp Jodi L
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Small Animal Clinic, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, East Campus, 2425 Mendocino Avenue, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA.
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014 Mar;44(2):343-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.007.
Ectopic ureters are the most common cause of urinary incontinence in young dogs but should be considered as a differential in any incontinent dog for which the history is not known. Ectopic ureters can be diagnosed with excretory urography, fluoroscopic urethrography or ureterography, abdominal ultrasonography, cystoscopy, helical computed tomography, or a combination of these diagnostic procedures. Other congenital abnormalities can also occur in dogs with ectopic ureters, including renal agenesis or dysplasia, hydronephrosis, and/or hydroureter and vestibulovaginal anomalies; therefore, the entire urinary system must be evaluated with ultrasonography if cystoscopy is the only other diagnostic tool used before surgery. Novel surgical techniques and adjunctive medical management have improved the prognosis for dogs with urinary ectopia.
异位输尿管是幼犬尿失禁最常见的原因，但对于病史不明的任何尿失禁犬，都应将其视为鉴别诊断的对象。异位输尿管可通过排泄性尿路造影、荧光镜尿道造影或输尿管造影、腹部超声检查、膀胱镜检查、螺旋计算机断层扫描或这些诊断程序的组合来诊断。患有异位输尿管的犬也可能出现其他先天性异常，包括肾缺如或发育不全、肾积水和/或输尿管积水以及前庭阴道异常；因此，如果膀胱镜检查是手术前唯一使用的其他诊断工具，则必须用超声检查评估整个泌尿系统。新的手术技术和辅助药物治疗改善了患有尿路异位症犬的预后。
