Nair G Achuthan, Chandran R Pratap, Sukumar B, Santhosh S, Sobha V
J Environ Biol. 2013 Jul;34(4):771-7.
The quality of well waters, based on 23 parameters of water, at 12 stations of south-west coast of Kerala, India, was assessed during monsoon, 2009 and summer, 2010, to determine their suitability for drinking and other domestic purposes. The stations selected were grouped into four regions viz. least, slightly, moderately and severely affected ones based on the severity of 2004 Asian Tsunami at each station. The depths of wells showed variations depending on the seasons and on their distance from the seacoast. The average water temperatures during monsoon and summer seasons were 28.5 degrees C and 30.2 degrees C respectively. The pH of well waters were below 6.5 in least and slightly affected regions and above this value in moderately and severely affected regions. In all the four regions, the well water parameters of electrical conductivity, hardness, fluoride, free chlorine, copper, zinc, calcium and nickel were below, and phosphorus, lead, iron cadmium and manganese were above the standard permissible levels set for them in drinking water. The values of salinity, sodium and potassium in the well waters of moderately and severely affected regions, and the values of nitrate-nitrogen, nitrate and magnesium in the well waters of severely affected regions were above the permissible limits set for them in drinking water. Water quality index calculated on the basis of drinking water standards revealed that the well waters of least and slightly affected regions were moderately polluted in both monsoon and summer seasons and the same of moderately affected region were excessively polluted during monsoon and severely polluted during summer seasons, whereas the well waters of severely affected regions were severely polluted in both seasons. Suitable recommendations were made to improve the quality of well waters of least and slightly affected regions.
2009年季风季节和2010年夏季期间，对印度喀拉拉邦西南海岸12个站点的井水质量进行了评估，评估基于23项水质参数，以确定这些井水是否适合饮用及其他家庭用途。所选站点根据各站点2004年亚洲海啸的严重程度分为四个区域，即受影响最小、受影响较小、受影响中等和受影响严重的区域。井的深度随季节以及与海岸的距离而变化。季风季节和夏季的平均水温分别为28.5摄氏度和30.2摄氏度。受影响最小和较小的区域井水pH值低于6.5，受影响中等和严重的区域则高于该值。在所有四个区域中，井水的电导率、硬度、氟化物、游离氯、铜、锌、钙和镍等参数低于饮用水标准规定的允许水平，而磷、铅、铁、镉和锰则高于该标准。受影响中等和严重区域的井水盐度、钠和钾值，以及受影响严重区域的井水硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐和镁值均高于饮用水标准规定的允许限值。根据饮用水标准计算的水质指数显示，受影响最小和较小区域的井水在季风季节和夏季均受到中度污染，受影响中等区域的井水在季风季节受到过度污染，在夏季受到重度污染，而受影响严重区域的井水在两个季节均受到重度污染。针对如何改善受影响最小和较小区域的井水质量提出了适当建议。
