Genetic modification of T cells.

Gene transfer technology has advanced rapidly from simple physical-chemical laboratory methods in the 1970s and 1980s to the sophisticated viral and nonviral methods currently in clinical practice. Herein, we review 4 gene transfer methodologies applied in human gene therapy clinical trials transferring chimeric antigen receptors into T cells for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The 4 methods include 2 viral vector gene transfer technologies, gamma retroviral vectors and lentiviral vectors, and 2 nonviral methods, transposons and mRNA electroporation.