Karau Andreas, Grayson Ian
Evonik Industries AG, Business Line Health Care, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany,
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2014;143:189-228. doi: 10.1007/10_2014_269.
Amino acids are key components of human and animal nutrition, both as part of a protein-containing diet, and as supplemented individual products. In the last 10 years there has been a marked move away from the extraction of amino acids from natural products, which has been replaced by efficient fermentation processes using nonanimal carbon sources. Today several amino acids are produced in fermentation plants with capacities of more than 100,000 tonnes to serve the requirements of animal feed and human nutrition. The main fermentative amino acids for animal nutrition are L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan. DL-Methionine continues to be manufactured for animal feed use principally by chemical synthesis, and a pharmaceutical grade is manufactured by enzymatic resolution. Amino acids play an important role in medical nutrition, particularly in parenteral nutrition, where there are high purity requirements for infusion grade products. Amino acids are also appearing more often in dietary supplements, initially for performance athletes, but increasingly for the general population. As the understanding of the effects of the individual amino acids on the human metabolism is deepened, more specialized product mixtures are being offered to improve athletic performance and for body-building.
氨基酸是人类和动物营养的关键组成部分，既作为含蛋白质饮食的一部分，也作为补充性的单一产品。在过去十年中，已明显不再从天然产物中提取氨基酸，取而代之的是使用非动物碳源的高效发酵工艺。如今，几家发酵工厂生产的几种氨基酸产量超过10万吨，以满足动物饲料和人类营养的需求。用于动物营养的主要发酵氨基酸是L-赖氨酸、L-苏氨酸和L-色氨酸。DL-蛋氨酸仍主要通过化学合成生产用于动物饲料，而药用级则通过酶法拆分生产。氨基酸在医学营养中发挥着重要作用，尤其是在肠外营养中，对输注级产品有高纯度要求。氨基酸在膳食补充剂中也越来越常见，最初是供职业运动员使用，但现在越来越多地面向普通人群。随着对单个氨基酸对人体新陈代谢影响的理解不断深入，人们提供了更具针对性的产品混合物，以提高运动表现和用于健身。
