Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014 Jun 1;306(11):F1251-9. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00128.2014. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
Extracellular vesicles have been isolated in various body fluids, including urine. The cargo of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) is composed of proteins and nucleic acids reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells lining the nephron. Because urine is a noninvasive and readily available biofluid, the discovery of uEVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. Their potential use as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic biomarkers for various kidney diseases, including glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, tubular disorders, and polycystic kidney disease, is currently being explored. Some challenges, however, remain. These challenges include the need to standardize isolation methods, normalization between samples, and validation of candidate biomarkers. Also, the development of a high-throughput platform to isolate and analyze uEVs, for example, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is desirable. Here, we review recent studies on uEVs dealing with kidney physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we discuss new and exciting developments regarding vesicles, including their role in cell-to-cell communication and the possibility of using vesicles as a therapy for kidney disorders.
细胞外囊泡已在各种体液中分离出来，包括尿液。尿细胞外囊泡 (uEV) 的货物由蛋白质和核酸组成，反映了肾单位衬里细胞的生理和可能的病理生理状态。由于尿液是一种非侵入性且易于获得的生物流体，因此 uEV 的发现开辟了生物标志物研究的新领域。目前正在探索它们作为各种肾脏疾病（包括肾小球肾炎、急性肾损伤、肾小管疾病和多囊肾病）的诊断、预后或治疗生物标志物的潜在用途。然而，仍然存在一些挑战。这些挑战包括需要标准化分离方法、样本之间的归一化以及候选生物标志物的验证。此外，还需要开发高通量平台来分离和分析 uEV，例如酶联免疫吸附测定。在这里，我们回顾了最近关于 uEV 的研究，这些研究涉及肾脏生理学和病理生理学。此外，我们还讨论了关于囊泡的新的令人兴奋的发展，包括它们在细胞间通讯中的作用以及将囊泡用作肾脏疾病治疗的可能性。
