Taylor J, Shrubsole C, Davies M, Biddulph P, Das P, Hamilton I, Vardoulakis S, Mavrogianni A, Jones B, Oikonomou E
Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, UCL, London, UK.
Indoor Air. 2014 Dec;24(6):639-51. doi: 10.1111/ina.12116. Epub 2014 May 10.
A number of studies have estimated population exposure to PM2.5 by examining modeled or measured outdoor PM2.5 levels. However, few have taken into account the mediating effects of building characteristics on the ingress of PM2.5 from outdoor sources and its impact on population exposure in the indoor domestic environment. This study describes how building simulation can be used to determine the indoor concentration of outdoor-sourced pollution for different housing typologies and how the results can be mapped using building stock models and Geographical Information Systems software to demonstrate the modifying effect of dwellings on occupant exposure to PM2.5 across London. Building archetypes broadly representative of those in the Greater London Authority were simulated for pollution infiltration using EnergyPlus. In addition, the influence of occupant behavior on indoor levels of PM2.5 from outdoor sources was examined using a temperature-dependent window-opening scenario. Results demonstrate a range of I/O ratios of PM2.5 , with detached and semi-detached dwellings most vulnerable to high levels of infiltration. When the results are mapped, central London shows lower I/O ratios of PM2.5 compared with outer London, an apparent inversion of exposure most likely caused by the prevalence of flats rather than detached or semi-detached properties.
Population exposure to air pollution is typically evaluated using the outdoor concentration of pollutants and does not account for the fact that people in London spend over 80% of their time indoors. In this article, building simulation is used to model the infiltration of outdoor PM2.5 into the domestic indoor environment for dwellings in a London building stock model, and the results mapped. The results show the variation in relative vulnerability of dwellings to pollution infiltration, as well as an estimated absolute indoor concentration across the Greater London Authority (GLA) scaled by local outdoor levels. The practical application of this work is a better understanding of the modifying effect of the building geometry and envelope design on pollution exposure, and how the London building stock may alter exposure. The results will be used to inform population exposure to PM2.5 in future environmental epidemiological studies.
一些研究通过考察模拟或实测的室外细颗粒物（PM2.5）水平来估算人群暴露于PM2.5的情况。然而，很少有研究考虑建筑特征对室外源PM2.5进入室内及其对家庭室内环境中人群暴露影响的中介作用。本研究描述了如何利用建筑模拟来确定不同住宅类型中室外源污染的室内浓度，以及如何使用建筑存量模型和地理信息系统软件来绘制结果，以展示住宅对伦敦居民PM2.5暴露的修正作用。使用EnergyPlus软件对大致代表大伦敦管理局地区住宅的建筑原型进行污染渗透模拟。此外，采用与温度相关的开窗情景，考察了居住者行为对室外源PM2.5室内水平的影响。结果表明，PM2.5的输入输出比存在一定范围，独立式和半独立式住宅最易受到高水平渗透的影响。将结果绘制地图后可以看出，与伦敦外围地区相比，伦敦市中心的PM2.5输入输出比更低，这种明显的暴露倒置现象很可能是由公寓的普遍存在而非独立式或半独立式住宅导致的。
通常使用污染物的室外浓度来评估人群暴露于空气污染的情况，而没有考虑到伦敦居民80%以上的时间都在室内这一事实。在本文中，利用建筑模拟对伦敦建筑存量模型中住宅的室外PM2.5向家庭室内环境的渗透进行建模，并绘制结果。结果显示了住宅对污染渗透相对易感性的差异，以及根据当地室外水平缩放后的大伦敦管理局（GLA）地区估计的绝对室内浓度。这项工作的实际应用是更好地理解建筑几何形状和围护结构设计对污染暴露的修正作用，以及伦敦建筑存量如何改变暴露情况。这些结果将用于为未来环境流行病学研究中人群暴露于PM2.5的情况提供信息。
