Niebrój Lesław T
Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2013;59(1):130-6.
During the last decade there has been a striking growth in interest in ethical issues arising from the development of neurosciences. It was as late as 2002 that the new discipline, called neuroethics, started. It was intended to be a new area of interdisciplinary discourse on moral dilemmas connected with recent advances in, broadly understood, neurosciences. Ten years after its launch neuroethics possesses a distinct body of knowledge and an institutional basis for its further development. As a very young discipline, however, neuroethics is still in a state offlux. Two essential theoretical concepts of how this discipline is to be built on are emerging. Both are discussed in this article. According to the first of them (i.e. ethics of neurosciences), neuroethics is basically understood as a sub--discipline of bioethics. Although there are some reasons for distinguishing several branches or sub-disciplines of bioethics (genethics, neuroethics, nanoethics, etc.), there are sound arguments against such a tendency for the proliferation of biomedical ethics. The second approach to neuroethics (neuroscience of ethics), which aims at studying neuronal correlates of the well-known ethical concepts (e.g. free-will, moral responsibility, etc.), seems to be much more promising. Neuroethics understood in this way (and only in this way) can be considered as a truly new opportunity for collaboration between neuroscientists and ethicists.
在过去十年中，人们对神经科学发展所引发的伦理问题的兴趣显著增长。直到2002年，一门名为神经伦理学的新学科才开始兴起。它旨在成为一个跨学科的新领域，用于探讨与广义上的神经科学最新进展相关的道德困境。神经伦理学创立十年后，已拥有独特的知识体系和进一步发展的制度基础。然而，作为一门非常年轻的学科，神经伦理学仍处于不断变化的状态。关于如何构建这门学科的两个重要理论概念正在形成。本文将对这两个概念进行讨论。根据其中第一个概念（即神经科学的伦理学），神经伦理学基本上被理解为生物伦理学的一个子学科。尽管有一些理由区分生物伦理学的几个分支或子学科（基因伦理学、神经伦理学、纳米伦理学等），但也有合理的论据反对生物医学伦理学如此 proliferation 的趋势。神经伦理学的第二种方法（伦理学的神经科学）旨在研究著名伦理概念（如自由意志、道德责任等）的神经元关联，似乎更具前景。以这种方式（且仅以这种方式）理解的神经伦理学可被视为神经科学家和伦理学家合作的一个全新契机。
