Control of breathing in in vitro brain stem preparation from goldfish (Carassius auratus; Linnaeus).

In vitro brain stem preparations from goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to first determine whether this species possesses central chemoreceptors able to modulate respiratory activity. Preparations were superfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF); fictive breathing was recorded extracellularly by placing a suction electrode on cranial nerve VII. Reducing the level of O2 in the gas mixture used to bubble the aCSF from a hyperoxic level (80% or 98.7% O2) to a relative hypoxic level (20% or 40% O2) increased the frequency of the fictive respiratory burst (P = 0.0002). Reducing the pH of the aCSF from 7.9 to 7.4 by increasing CO2 in the superfusate did not affect fictive breathing. Chloride-mediated neurotransmission (GABA/glycine) is a major modulator of respiratory activity; however, its effect on the neural circuits that regulate breathing in teleosts remains unknown. Bath application of GABA (0.5, 5.0 mM) decreased burst frequency but not amplitude; this effect was dose dependent (drug × concentration: P = 0.01). Superfusion of the preparations with aCSF containing 1.25 μM of bicuculline methochloride and 1.50 μM of strychnine hydrochloride (GABAA and glycine receptor antagonists, respectively) increased burst frequency (P = 0.002) and amplitude (P < 0.001). We conclude that respiratory activity produced by the goldfish brain stem is not responsive to the moderate CO2 levels used in this study; it may contain O2 chemoreceptors, but the relatively small response could also reflect nonspecific effects of hypoxia on the central nervous system. Cl(-)-mediated neurotransmission inhibits fictive breathing; this aspect of respiratory regulation is similar to other groups of vertebrates.