Cockcroft Donald W
Can Respir J. 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):279-82. doi: 10.1155/2014/719272. Epub 2014 May 2.
It was only in the late 19th century that specific allergens, pollen, animal antigens and, later, house dust mite, were identified to cause upper and lower airway disease. Early allergen challenge studies, crudely monitored before measurement of forced expiratory volume in 1 s became widespread in the 1950s, focused on the immediate effects but noted in passing prolonged and/or recurrent asthma symptoms. The late asthmatic response, recurrent bronchoconstriction after spontaneous resolution of the early responses occurring 3 h to 8 h or more postchallenge, has been identified and well characterized over the past 50 years. The associated allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (1977) and allergen-induced airway inflammation (1985) indicate that these late sequelae are important in the mechanism of allergen-induced asthma. Allergens are now recognized to be the most important cause of asthma. A standardized allergen inhalation challenge model has been developed and is proving to be a valuable research tool in the investigation of asthma pathophysiology and of potential new pharmacological agents for the treatment of asthma.
直到19世纪后期，特定的过敏原，如花粉、动物抗原，以及后来发现的屋尘螨，才被确定为导致上、下呼吸道疾病的原因。早期的过敏原激发试验在20世纪50年代1秒用力呼气量测量方法广泛应用之前就已进行，但监测较为粗略，当时主要关注即时效应，不过也顺便提到了哮喘症状的持续和/或复发情况。迟发性哮喘反应，即在激发后3小时至8小时或更长时间早期反应自发缓解后出现的反复支气管收缩，在过去50年中已被识别并得到充分描述。相关的过敏原诱导的气道高反应性（1977年）和过敏原诱导的气道炎症（1985年）表明，这些后期后遗症在过敏原诱导的哮喘机制中很重要。现在人们认识到过敏原是哮喘最重要的病因。一种标准化的过敏原吸入激发模型已经开发出来，并且在哮喘病理生理学研究以及潜在的哮喘治疗新药研究中被证明是一种有价值的研究工具。
