Dynamics of Centrocestus armatus Transmission in Endemic River in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.

Centrocestus armatus is an intestinal parasite belonging to the family Heterophyidae. We developed an apparatus for recovering cercariae and clarified the infection dynamics of this parasite. To clarify the circadian rhythm of cercarial shedding in the summer season, we filtrated 30 l of river water every 2 h for 24 h. Cercariae were first detected between 06:00 and 08:00 h, increased over time to reach peak at 16:00 h and decreased thereafter, thus showing a single-peak pattern. In a survey of seasonal change, approximately 200 cercariae were contained in 1 l of river water during the summer season, while none were found during the winter. This cercarial shedding pattern appeared to be related to sunrise/sunset and water/atmosphere temperature. Therefore, we examined whether cercarial shedding was affected by light or temperature changes under laboratory conditions, and confirmed that both light and temperature were important factors for cercarial shedding. Light was a stronger factor than water temperature. Cercarial shedding of C. armatus occurred in response to temperature and light. The change in the number of juvenile metacercariae detected in fish brain corresponded with monthly detection rates of cercariae; however, the incidence of new infections decreased in August. This suggests that Nipponocypris temminkii contains a defense mechanism against new infections that may have hindered the increase in parasite infectivity. These results clarified the smooth infection from the first to the second intermediate host of C. armatus in the endemic river. Throughout the study period, fecal samples were collected from 19 kites, 114 herons, and three unidentified species. However, our results using C. armatus showed a low value of 1% in herons and 5% in kites. The infection dynamics of final host to first intermediate host need to be further investigated.