Reversible binding of substance P to artificial lipid membranes studied by capacitance minimization techniques.

Interaction of substance P with electrically neutral, planar lipid bilayers prepared from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and with anionic bilayers prepared from mixtures of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and brain phosphatidylserine was measured using the capacitance minimization method for monitoring the membrane surface potential caused by the positive charges and electric dipole moment of adsorbed peptide. Substance P bound to the electrically neutral bilayers from 9 mM KCl (buffered to pH 5.5 with 2.0 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonate) with a maximal binding density of about 1 x 10(-2) molecules per nm2 and a dissociation constant of about 2 x 10(-4) M. Measurement of the surface potential at different ionic strengths (shielding of surface charges) allowed distinction between the fixed-charge surface potential and a dipole potential. Ascribing this dipole potential to membrane-bound substance P would imply an effective dipole moment normal to the bilayer surface of about 20 Debye per molecule. Magnitude and polarity are consistent with an alpha-helical domain at the C-terminal end of substance P which is oriented normal to the surface of the membrane, and inserted so as to be inaccessible to the aqueous phase. Consistent measurements were obtained with anionic membranes at low substance P concentrations (10(-7)-10(-6) M; pH 7.2). They indicated electrostatic accumulation of the triply charged peptide on the surface of the membrane followed by hydrophobic interaction with the same parameters as for neutral membranes. The results agree with the membrane structure of substance P determined with infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, circular dichroism measurements, and thermodynamic estimations.