Bo Simona, De Carli Luca, Venco Elena, Fanzola Ilaria, Maiandi Maria, De Michieli Franco, Durazzo Marilena, Beccuti Guglielmo, Cavallo-Perin Paolo, Ghigo Ezio, Ganzit Gian P
*Department of Medical Science, University of Torino †Sport Medicine Institute of Torino, Torino, Italy.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Oct;59(4):465-71. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000453.
The association between snacking habits and overweight in adolescents is unclear. We evaluated the relation between snacking patterns and overweight/obesity in a cohort of 11- to 13-year-old Italian adolescents.
The dietary habits of 400 randomly selected adolescents were evaluated; those with body mass index ≥ 85 th percentile were considered as overweight/obese. Participants were classified based on the percentage of caloric intake from snacks (<15%, 15%-20%, >20%), snacking frequency (1, 2, ≥ 3), and timing of consuming the most caloric snack (morning, afternoon, evening).
A minority of participants (13/400, 3.3%) did not consume any snacks; 5/13 (38.5) of them were overweight/obese. Among snackers (387/400), overweight/obesity prevalence was 10.4%, 14.4%, 20.5%, respectively, in those consuming <15%, 15% to 10%, and >20% of their energy intake from snacks. In a Poisson regression model, the overweight/obesity relative risks (RRs) were 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-3.15) and 2.32 (1.10-4.89) for 15% to 20% and >20% calories/day from snacks, respectively. Overweight/obesity prevalence (from 9.6% to 22.6%) was correlated with snacking frequency (RR 2.20, 95% CI 0.92-5.27, and RR 4.17, 95% CI 1.60-10.9, for 2 and ≥ 3 snacks per day, respectively). The most caloric snacks were consumed in the morning (180/387) and afternoon (179/387); 28.6% of the predominantly evening snackers (28/387) were overweight/obese (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.17-8.34).
Increased snacking calories, frequency, and evening snacking are independently associated with overweight/obesity in Italian middle-school adolescents.
青少年吃零食的习惯与超重之间的关联尚不清楚。我们评估了一组11至13岁意大利青少年的吃零食模式与超重/肥胖之间的关系。
对400名随机挑选的青少年的饮食习惯进行了评估；体重指数（BMI）≥第85百分位数的青少年被视为超重/肥胖。参与者根据零食热量摄入百分比（<15%、15%-20%、>20%）、吃零食频率（1次、2次、≥3次）以及摄入热量最高的零食的时间（早上、下午、晚上）进行分类。
少数参与者（13/400，3.3%）不吃任何零食；其中5/13（38.5%）超重/肥胖。在吃零食的人群中（387/400），零食热量摄入占总能量摄入<15%、15%至20%、>20%的人群中超重/肥胖患病率分别为10.4%、14.4%、20.5%。在泊松回归模型中，零食热量摄入占每日总热量15%至20%和>20%的人群中超重/肥胖的相对风险（RR）分别为1.35（95%置信区间[CI]0.58 - 3.15）和2.32（1.10 - 4.89）。超重/肥胖患病率（从9.6%至22.6%）与吃零食频率相关（每天吃2次和≥3次零食的RR分别为2.20，95%CI 0.92 - 5.27和RR 4.17，95%CI 1.60 - 10.9）。热量最高的零食大多在早上（180/387）和下午（179/387）食用；主要在晚上吃零食的人群中28.6%（28/387）超重/肥胖（RR 3.12，95%CI 1.17 - 8.34）。
零食热量摄入增加、频率增加以及晚上吃零食与意大利初中青少年超重/肥胖独立相关。
