Geier Charles F, Sweitzer Maggie M, Denlinger Rachel, Sparacino Gina, Donny Eric C
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
Psychiatry Res. 2014 Aug 30;223(2):140-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
Chronic smoking may result in reduced sensitivity to non-drug rewards (e.g., money), a phenomenon particularly salient during abstinence. During a quit attempt, this effect may contribute to biased decision-making (smoking>alternative reinforcers) and relapse. Although relevant for quitting, characterization of reduced reward function in abstinent smokers remains limited. Moreover, how attenuated reward function affects other brain systems supporting decision-making has not been established. Here, we use a rewarded antisaccade (rAS) task to characterize non-drug reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control, key elements underlying decision-making, in abstinent smokers vs. non-smokers. Abstinent (12-hours) adult daily smokers (N=23) and non-smokers (N=11) underwent fMRI while performing the rAS. Behavioral performances improved on reward vs. neutral trials. Smokers showed attenuated activation in ventral striatum during the reward cue and in superior precentral sulcus and posterior parietal cortex during response preparation, but greater responses during the saccade response in posterior cingulate and parietal cortices. Smokers' attenuated anticipatory responses suggest reduced motivation from monetary reward, while heightened activation during the saccade response suggests that additional circuitry may be engaged later to enhance inhibitory task performance. Overall, this preliminary study highlights group differences in decision-making components and the utility of the rAS to characterize these effects.
长期吸烟可能导致对非药物奖励（如金钱）的敏感度降低，这种现象在戒烟期间尤为明显。在试图戒烟时，这种效应可能导致决策偏差（吸烟＞替代强化物）和复吸。尽管与戒烟相关，但对戒烟者奖励功能降低的特征描述仍然有限。此外，奖励功能减弱如何影响支持决策的其他脑系统尚未明确。在此，我们使用奖励性反扫视（rAS）任务来描述非药物奖励处理及其对抑制控制的影响，抑制控制是戒烟者与非吸烟者决策的关键要素。12小时未吸烟的成年每日吸烟者（N = 23）和非吸烟者（N = 11）在执行rAS任务时接受了功能磁共振成像（fMRI）检查。与中性试验相比，奖励试验中的行为表现有所改善。吸烟者在奖励提示期间腹侧纹状体激活减弱，在反应准备期间中央前沟上部和顶叶后皮质激活减弱，但在扣带回后部和顶叶皮质的扫视反应期间反应增强。吸烟者预期反应减弱表明金钱奖励的动机降低，而扫视反应期间激活增强表明后期可能会有额外的神经回路参与以提高抑制任务表现。总体而言，这项初步研究突出了决策成分的组间差异以及rAS任务在描述这些效应方面的效用。
