van Liere D W
Department of Animal Husbandry, Ethology Section, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Behav Processes. 1992;26(2-3):177-88. doi: 10.1016/0376-6357(92)90012-3. Epub 2002 Jun 3.
After a prolonged experience with wood-shavings or with sand, 2 x 11 hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were litter-deprived. Prior to the 7 to 8 day deprivation period feather samples were taken. This was repeated immediately after the deprivation had ended and right after the first bath in the familiar litter. Each feather was cut at the transition between the proximal plumulous and distal pennaceous part and lipids were extracted from separate samples, containing one type of feather parts. Hens on wood-shavings bathed 10 minutes longer after deprivation than hens on sand. This was due only to an extension of the second phase of the dustbath, which included rubbing; the first phase of tossing did not differ. In the extended phase of the wood-shavings bath the tendency to rub was lower, whereas the tendency to toss was higher than in the comparable phase of the sand bath. Thus, litter quality affected the amount of rubbings and of tossings in between. Rubbing did not effectuate a close contact between wood-shavings and the proximal integument, as wood-shavings could not be tossed into the plumage. This contrasted with baths in sand and only these baths resulted in a removal of excessive lipids from the plumulous parts. Therefore rubbing seems functionally crucial. The lipid level immediately after deprivation and the change in the quantity of lipids due to deprivation positively correlated with the amount of tossings in wood-shavings and with the amount of rubbings in sand. This indicates that the lipid condition is causally involved in dustbathing.
在让2×11只母鸡（家鸡）长期接触刨花或沙子后，剥夺它们使用垫料的权利。在7至8天的剥夺期之前采集羽毛样本。剥夺期结束后以及在熟悉的垫料中首次洗浴后立即重复此操作。将每根羽毛在近端绒羽和远端正羽部分的交界处剪断，并从包含一种羽毛部分的单独样本中提取脂质。接触刨花的母鸡在剥夺后洗浴的时间比接触沙子的母鸡长10分钟。这仅仅是由于沙浴第二阶段（包括摩擦）的延长；抛掷的第一阶段没有差异。在刨花浴的延长阶段，摩擦的倾向较低，而抛掷的倾向高于沙浴的可比阶段。因此，垫料质量影响了其间摩擦和抛掷的次数。由于刨花无法抛入羽毛中，摩擦并未使刨花与近端体表紧密接触。这与沙浴形成对比，只有沙浴能使绒羽部分去除过多脂质。因此，摩擦似乎在功能上至关重要。剥夺后立即的脂质水平以及由于剥夺导致的脂质数量变化与刨花中的抛掷次数和沙子中的摩擦次数呈正相关。这表明脂质状况与沙浴存在因果关系。
