Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
Chemosphere. 2015 Jan;119 Suppl:S109-14. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.107. Epub 2014 Jun 10.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are two groups of emerging pollutants the significance of which rests on their persistent detection in the aquatic environment and their possible adverse effects. Wastewater treatment plants are one of the major ways for transporting such chemicals in the aquatic environment. Chlorination is usually the last stage of treatment before wastewater being disposed to the aquatic environment. This work focuses on the evaluation of the effect of chlorine dose and specific wastewater characteristics (pH, total suspended solids and humic acids) on the removal of target EDCs and NSAIDs through chlorination. Another objective of this study is the identification of chlorination by-products of specific EDCs and NSAIDs and their dependence on contact time. Based on the results it is concluded that the effect of chlorine dose and humic acids concentration on the degradation of target compounds during chlorination is minimal. On the contrary, pH is a critical parameter which highly affects process performance. Moreover, it is concluded that not only the free available chlorine species, but also the properties of EDCs and NSAIDs under different pH conditions can affect chlorination process performance. The effect of TSS on the degradation of the target compounds during chlorination is more profound for chemicals with high Kow values and therefore higher affinity to partition to the particulate phase (i.e. nonylphenols, triclosan). Several degradation by-products were identified through chlorination of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and diclofenac. The dependence of these by-products on chlorination contact time is also demonstrated.
内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）和非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）是两类新兴污染物，其重要性在于它们在水环境中的持续检测及其可能产生的不利影响。污水处理厂是将这些化学物质输送到水环境中的主要途径之一。氯化通常是污水处理厂在将废水排放到水环境之前的最后一个处理阶段。本工作重点评估氯剂量和特定废水特性（pH 值、总悬浮固体和腐殖酸）对氯化去除目标 EDCs 和 NSAIDs 的影响。本研究的另一个目的是确定特定 EDCs 和 NSAIDs 的氯化副产物及其与接触时间的关系。根据研究结果得出结论，氯剂量和腐殖酸浓度对目标化合物在氯化过程中降解的影响最小。相反，pH 值是一个关键参数，它会极大地影响处理效果。此外，还得出结论，不仅游离有效氯种类，而且 EDCs 和 NSAIDs 在不同 pH 条件下的性质也会影响氯化过程的性能。对于 Kow 值较高、因而更倾向于分配到颗粒相（即壬基酚、三氯生）的化合物，TSS 在氯化过程中对目标化合物降解的影响更为显著。通过对壬基酚、双酚 A 和二氯芬酸进行氯化，鉴定出了几种降解副产物。还证明了这些副产物对氯化接触时间的依赖性。
