Popoff Michel R
Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France.
Anaerobe. 2014 Dec;30:220-38. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.014. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
Pore formation is a common mechanism of action for many bacterial toxins. More than one third of clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins (PFTs) belonging to the β-PFT class. They are secreted as soluble monomers rich in β-strands, which recognize a specific receptor on target cells and assemble in oligomers. Then, they undergo a conformational change leading to the formation of a β-barrel, which inserts into the lipid bilayer forming functional pore. According to their structure, clostridial β-PFTs are divided into several families. Clostridial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins form large pores, which disrupt the plasma membrane integrity. They are potent virulence factors mainly involved in myonecrosis. Clostridial heptameric β-PFTs (aerolysin family and staphylococcal α-hemolysin family) induce small pores which trigger signaling cascades leading to different cell responses according to the cell types and toxins. They are mainly responsible for intestinal diseases, like necrotic enteritis, or systemic diseases/toxic shock from intestinal origin. Clostridial intracellularly active toxins exploit pore formation through the endosomal membrane to translocate the enzymatic component or domain into the cytosol. Single chain protein toxins, like botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins, use hydrophobic α-helices to form pores, whereas clostridial binary toxins encompass binding components, which are structurally and functionally related to β-PFTs, but which have acquired the specific activity to internalize their corresponding enzymatic components. Structural analysis suggests that β-PFTs and binding components share a common evolutionary origin.
孔形成是许多细菌毒素常见的作用机制。超过三分之一的梭菌毒素是属于β-孔形成毒素(PFTs)类别的孔形成毒素。它们以富含β-链的可溶性单体形式分泌,识别靶细胞上的特定受体并组装成寡聚体。然后,它们发生构象变化导致β-桶的形成,β-桶插入脂质双层形成功能性孔。根据其结构,梭菌β-PFTs可分为几个家族。梭菌胆固醇依赖性细胞溶素形成大孔,破坏质膜完整性。它们是主要参与肌坏死的强效毒力因子。梭菌七聚体β-PFTs(气单胞菌溶素家族和葡萄球菌α-溶血素家族)诱导小孔,根据细胞类型和毒素触发信号级联反应,导致不同的细胞反应。它们主要负责肠道疾病,如坏死性肠炎,或肠道源性全身疾病/中毒性休克。梭菌细胞内活性毒素通过内体膜利用孔形成将酶成分或结构域转运到细胞质中。单链蛋白毒素,如肉毒杆菌毒素和破伤风神经毒素,利用疏水α-螺旋形成孔,而梭菌二元毒素包含结合成分,这些成分在结构和功能上与β-PFTs相关,但已获得内化其相应酶成分的特定活性。结构分析表明,β-PFTs和结合成分具有共同的进化起源。