Polidori Carlo, Nieves-Aldrey José L
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e101843. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101843. eCollection 2014.
Comparative studies on antennal sensillar equipment in insects are largely lacking, despite their potential to provide insights into both ecological and phylogenetic relationships. Here we present the first comparative study on antennal morphology and sensillar equipment in female Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera), a large and diverse group of wasps, with special reference to the so-called gall-wasps (Cynipidae). A SEM analysis was conducted on 51 species from all extant cynipoid families and all cynipid tribes, and spanning all known life-histories in the superfamily (gall-inducers, gall-inquilines, and non-gall associated parasitoids). The generally filiform, rarely clavate, antennal flagellum of Cynipoidea harbours overall 12 types of sensilla: s. placoidea (SP), two types of s. coeloconica (SCo-A, SCo-B), s. campaniformia (SCa), s. basiconica (SB), five types of s. trichoidea (ST-A, B, C, D, E), large disc sensilla (LDS) and large volcano sensilla (LVS). We found a great variability in sensillar equipment both among and within lineages. However, few traits seem to be unique to specific cynipid tribes. Paraulacini are, for example, distinctive in having apical LVS; Pediaspidini are unique in having ≥3 rows of SP, each including 6-8 sensilla per flagellomere, and up to 7 SCo-A in a single flagellomere; Eschatocerini have by far the largest SCo-A. Overall, our data preliminarily suggest a tendency to decreased numbers of SP rows per flagellomere and increased relative size of SCo-A during cynipoid evolution. Furthermore, SCo-A size seems to be higher in species inducing galls in trees than in those inducing galls in herbs. On the other hand, ST seem to be more abundant on the antennae of herb-gallers than wood-gallers. The antennal morphology and sensillar equipment in Cynipoidea are the complex results of different interacting pressures that need further investigations to be clarified.
尽管昆虫触角感器设备的比较研究有潜力为生态和系统发育关系提供见解，但这类研究在很大程度上仍很缺乏。在此，我们首次对雌性瘿蜂总科（膜翅目）的触角形态和感器设备进行了比较研究，瘿蜂总科是一个庞大且多样的黄蜂类群，特别提及了所谓的瘿蜂（瘿蜂科）。对来自所有现存瘿蜂总科家族和所有瘿蜂科部落的51个物种进行了扫描电子显微镜分析，涵盖了该总科所有已知的生活史类型（造瘿者、寄居者和与瘿无关的寄生蜂）。瘿蜂总科通常丝状、极少棒状的触角鞭节总共包含12种感器类型：板形感器（SP）、两种腔锥形感器（SCo - A、SCo - B）、钟形感器（SCa）、锥形感器（SB）、五种毛形感器（ST - A、B、C、D、E）、大型盘形感器（LDS）和大型火山形感器（LVS）。我们发现不同谱系之间以及谱系内部的感器设备存在很大差异。然而，似乎很少有特征是特定瘿蜂科部落所独有的。例如，副瘿蜂族的独特之处在于具有顶端的LVS；柄瘿蜂族独一无二之处在于有≥3排SP，每排每个鞭节包含6 - 8个感器，且单个鞭节中最多有7个SCo - A；埃氏瘿蜂族拥有迄今为止最大的SCo - A。总体而言，我们的数据初步表明，在瘿蜂总科进化过程中，每个鞭节的SP排数有减少的趋势，而SCo - A的相对大小有增加趋势。此外，在树木上造瘿的物种的SCo - A大小似乎比在草本植物上造瘿的物种更高。另一方面，毛形感器似乎在草本植物瘿蜂触角上比在木本植物瘿蜂触角上更为丰富。瘿蜂总科的触角形态和感器设备是不同相互作用压力的复杂结果，需要进一步研究来阐明。
