Rachel Wojciech, Grela Agatha, Zyss Tomasz, Zieba Andrzej, Piekoszewski Wojciech
Przegl Lek. 2014;71(2):98-101.
Cognitive impairment is one of the most abundant age-related psychiatric disorders. The outcome of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease has both individual (the patients and their families) and socio-economic effects. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease doubles after the age of 65 years, every 4.5 years. An etiologically heterogenic group of disorders related to aging as well as genetic and environmental interactions probably underlie the impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Those factors cause the degeneration of brain tissue which leads to significant cognitive dysfunction. There are two main hypotheses that are linked to the process of neurodegeneration: (i) amyloid cascade and (ii) the role of secretases and dysfunction of mitochondria. From the therapeutic standpoint it is crucial to get an early diagnosis and start with an adequate treatment. The undeniable progress in the field of biomarker research should lead to a better understanding of the early stages of the disorder. So far, the best recognised and described biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, which can be detected in both cerebrospinal fluid and blood, are: beta-amyloid, tau-protein and phosphorylated tau-protein (phospho-tau). The article discusses the usefulness of the known biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in early diagnosis.
认知障碍是最常见的与年龄相关的精神疾病之一。阿尔茨海默病中认知障碍的后果对个人（患者及其家庭）和社会经济都有影响。65岁以后，阿尔茨海默病的患病率每4.5年就会翻一番。一组病因异质性的与衰老以及遗传和环境相互作用相关的疾病可能是阿尔茨海默病认知障碍的基础。这些因素导致脑组织退化，进而导致严重的认知功能障碍。有两个主要假说是与神经退行性变过程相关的：（i）淀粉样蛋白级联反应和（ii）分泌酶的作用及线粒体功能障碍。从治疗角度来看，早期诊断并开始适当治疗至关重要。生物标志物研究领域不可否认的进展应该会有助于更好地理解该疾病的早期阶段。到目前为止，在脑脊液和血液中都能检测到的、最广为人知且描述详尽的阿尔茨海默病生物标志物是：β-淀粉样蛋白、tau蛋白和磷酸化tau蛋白（磷酸化tau）。本文讨论了已知的阿尔茨海默病生物标志物在早期诊断中的作用。
