LIEC, CNRS UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, Bâtiment IBISE, 8 rue du général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France.
LIEC, CNRS UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, Bâtiment IBISE, 8 rue du général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France.
Environ Int. 2014 Oct;71:148-57. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.019. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
Lanthanides are a chemically uniform group of metals (La-Lu) that, together with yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc), form the group of rare earth elements (REEs). Because of their many applications (e.g., agriculture, medicine, motor industry), their global production has increased exponentially in the last decades and their biogeochemical cycles are being disrupted by human uses (e.g., gadolinium anomalies in freshwater and tap water, REEs enrichment of soils as a consequence of agricultural practices). However, ecotoxicological effects and mechanism of action of these elements are still poorly understood. In particular, there is no consensus as to lanthanides showing a coherent and predictable pattern of (eco)toxicity in the same way as their atomic properties. For aquatic organisms, contradictory conclusions on this issue can be found in the bibliography. This review shows that the variable composition of culture media used in ecotoxicology, and the associated differences in lanthanide's speciation, are the most likely cause for such discrepancies. In particular, the formation of insoluble species in some highly complexing media likely leads to changes in the soluble concentration of lanthanide during some tests; with the potential for a generalized underestimation of their toxicity at the present state of knowledge. For terrestrial organisms, suitable studies to establish trends in lanthanides' toxicity are practically nonexistent; with most research focusing on the effects of REE mixtures. Molecular level studies to elucidate the mechanisms of action of lanthanides are essentially limited to La, pointing to the need for further research to identify common mechanisms of action or modes of action across lanthanides. Overall, agreement on the correct procedures to follow to obtain reliable and comparable data for individual lanthanide is the first action to take in order to arrive at a reliable risk assessment for this group of elements in both aquatic and terrestrial systems.
镧系元素是一组化学性质均匀的金属（La-La），与钇（Y）和钪（Sc）一起，构成了稀土元素（REEs）组。由于它们的许多应用（例如农业、医学、汽车工业），它们的全球产量在过去几十年中呈指数级增长，它们的生物地球化学循环也因人类的使用而被破坏（例如，淡水中的钆异常，农业实践导致土壤中 REEs 的富集）。然而，这些元素的生态毒理学效应和作用机制仍知之甚少。特别是，关于镧系元素是否以与原子性质一致和可预测的方式表现出一致和可预测的（生态）毒性模式，尚无共识。对于水生生物，关于这个问题的文献中可以找到相互矛盾的结论。本综述表明，在生态毒理学中使用的培养基的可变组成，以及相关的镧系元素形态的差异，是造成这种差异的最可能原因。特别是，在一些高度络合的介质中形成不溶性物质可能会导致在某些测试中镧系元素的可溶性浓度发生变化；在目前的知识状态下，这可能导致对其毒性的普遍低估。对于陆地生物，实际上没有建立镧系元素毒性趋势的合适研究；大多数研究都集中在 REE 混合物的影响上。阐明镧系元素作用机制的分子水平研究基本上仅限于 La，这表明需要进一步研究以确定镧系元素之间共同的作用机制或作用模式。总体而言，为了获得单个镧系元素可靠和可比的数据，就必须首先达成关于正确程序的一致意见，以便对水生和陆地系统中的这组元素进行可靠的风险评估。
