Choi Jae Hyek, Greene Whitney A, Johnson Anthony J, Chavko Mikulas, Cleland Jeffery M, McCarron Richard M, Wang Heuy-Ching
Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.
Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015 Apr;43(3):239-46. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12407. Epub 2014 Sep 13.
The incidence of blast-induced ocular injury has dramatically increased due to advances in weaponry and military tactics. A single exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) has been shown to cause damage to the eye in animal models; however, on the battlefield, military personnel are exposed to BOP multiple times. The effects of repeated exposures to BOP on ocular tissues have not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of single or repeated exposure on ocular tissues.
A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver 70 ± 7 KPa BOP to rats, once (single blast overpressure [SBOP]) or once daily for 5 days (repeated blast overpressure [RBOP]). Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize the pathophysiology of ocular injuries induced by SBOP and RBOP. Apoptosis was determined by quantification activated caspase 3. Gliosis was examined by detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Inflammation was examined by detection of CD68.
Activated caspase 3 was detected in ocular tissues from all animals subjected to BOP, while those exposed to RBOP had more activated caspase 3 in the optic nerve than those exposed to SBOP. GFAP was detected in the retinas from all animals subjected to BOP. CD68 was detected in optic nerves from all animals exposed to BOP.
SBOP and RBOP induced retinal damage. RBOP caused more apoptosis in the optic nerve than SBOP, suggesting that RBOP causes more severe optic neuropathy than SBOP. SBOP and RBOP caused gliosis in the retina and increased inflammation in the optic nerve.
由于武器装备和军事战术的进步，爆炸所致眼损伤的发生率显著增加。在动物模型中，单次暴露于爆炸超压（BOP）已显示会对眼睛造成损害；然而，在战场上，军事人员会多次暴露于BOP。多次暴露于BOP对眼组织的影响尚未得到研究。本研究的目的是描述单次或重复暴露对眼组织的影响。
使用压缩空气冲击管向大鼠输送70±7千帕的BOP，一次（单次爆炸超压[SBOP]）或每天一次，持续5天（重复爆炸超压[RBOP]）。进行免疫组织化学以描述由SBOP和RBOP诱导的眼损伤的病理生理学。通过定量活化的半胱天冬酶3来确定细胞凋亡。通过检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）来检查胶质增生。通过检测CD68来检查炎症。
在所有接受BOP的动物的眼组织中均检测到活化的半胱天冬酶3，而接受RBOP的动物的视神经中活化的半胱天冬酶3比接受SBOP的动物更多。在所有接受BOP的动物的视网膜中均检测到GFAP。在所有暴露于BOP的动物的视神经中均检测到CD68。
SBOP和RBOP均可诱导视网膜损伤。RBOP比SBOP在视神经中引起更多的细胞凋亡，这表明RBOP比SBOP导致更严重的视神经病变。SBOP和RBOP均可引起视网膜胶质增生并增加视神经中的炎症。
