Albustanji Yusuf M, Albustanji Mahmoud M, Hegazi Mohamed M, Amayreh Mousa M
Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
King Abdul-Aziz University, Research Methods and Evaluation, Psychology and Counseling Department, PO Box 80269, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014 Oct;78(10):1707-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.07.025. Epub 2014 Jul 29.
The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence and types of consonant production errors and phonological processes in Saudi Arabic-speaking children with repaired cleft lip and palate, and to determine the relationship between frequency of errors on one hand and the type of the cleft. Possible relationship between age, gender and frequency of errors was also investigated.
Eighty Saudi children with repaired cleft lip and palate aged 6-15 years (mean 6.7 years), underwent speech, language, and hearing evaluation. The diagnosis of articulation deficits was based on the results of an Arabic articulation test. Phonological processes were reported based on the productivity scale of a minimum 20% of occurrence. Diagnosis of nasality was based on a 5-point scale that reflects severity from 0 through 4. All participants underwent intraoral examination, informal language assessment, and hearing evaluation to assess their speech and language abilities. The Chi-Square test for independence was used to analyze the results of consonant production as a function of type of CLP and age.
Out of 80 participants with CLP, 21 participants had normal articulation and resonance, 59 of participants (74%) showed speech abnormalities. Twenty-one of these 59 participants showed only articulation errors; 17 showed only hypernasality; and 21 showed both articulation and resonance deficits. CAs were observed in 20 participant. The productive phonological processes were consonant backing, final consonant deletion, gliding, and stopping. At age 6 and older, 37% of participants had persisting hearing loss.
Despite early age at time of surgery (mean 6.7 months) for the studied CLP participants in this study, a substantial number of them demonstrated articulation errors and hypernasality. The results showed desirable findings for diverse languages. It is especially interesting to consider the prevalence of glottal stops and pharyngeal fricatives in a population for whom these sound are phonemic.
本研究旨在评估沙特阿拉伯语唇腭裂修复儿童辅音发音错误和语音过程的患病率及类型，并确定一方面错误频率与腭裂类型之间的关系。还研究了年龄、性别与错误频率之间可能的关系。
80名年龄在6至15岁（平均6.7岁）的沙特唇腭裂修复儿童接受了言语、语言和听力评估。发音缺陷的诊断基于阿拉伯语发音测试的结果。语音过程根据出现率至少为20%的生产率量表进行报告。鼻音诊断基于反映从0到4严重程度的5分制。所有参与者都接受了口腔内检查、非正式语言评估和听力评估，以评估他们的言语和语言能力。使用独立性卡方检验来分析辅音发音结果作为唇腭裂类型和年龄的函数。
在80名唇腭裂参与者中，21名参与者发音和共鸣正常，59名参与者（74%）表现出言语异常。这59名参与者中有21名仅表现出发音错误；17名仅表现出鼻音过重；21名表现出发音和共鸣缺陷。20名参与者观察到代偿性发音。有成效的语音过程包括辅音后移、词尾辅音省略、滑音和塞音化。在6岁及以上，37%的参与者存在持续性听力损失。
尽管本研究中所研究的唇腭裂参与者手术年龄较早（平均6.7个月），但他们中仍有相当一部分表现出发音错误和鼻音过重。结果显示了针对不同语言的理想发现。尤其有趣的是，在这些音素为声门塞音和咽擦音的人群中考虑其患病率。
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