Sparks Thomas C
Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013 Sep;107(1):8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.012. Epub 2013 May 30.
There is an on-going need for the discovery and development of new insecticides due to the loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the desire for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectrums, and changing agricultural practices. Since 1960, the number of research-based companies in the US and Europe involved in the discovery of new insecticidal chemistries has been declining. In part this is a reflection of the increasing costs of the discovery and development of new pesticides. Likewise, the number of compounds that need to be screened for every product developed has, until recently, been climbing. In the past two decades the agrochemical industry has been able to develop a range of new products that have more favorable mammalian vs. insect selectivity. This review provides an analysis of the time required for the discovery, or more correctly the building process, for a wide range of insecticides developed during the last 60 years. An examination of the data around the time requirements for the discovery of products based on external patents, prior internal products, or entirely new chemistry provides some unexpected observations. In light of the increasing costs of discovery and development, coupled with fewer companies willing or able to make the investment, insecticide resistance management takes on greater importance as a means to preserve existing and new insecticides.
由于现有产品因害虫产生抗药性而失效、对具有更良好环境和毒理学特性的产品的需求、害虫谱的变化以及农业实践的改变，持续需要发现和开发新的杀虫剂。自1960年以来，美国和欧洲参与新杀虫化学物质发现的科研型公司数量一直在减少。部分原因是新农药发现和开发成本不断增加。同样，直到最近，为开发的每种产品需要筛选的化合物数量一直在攀升。在过去二十年中，农用化学品行业已经能够开发出一系列对哺乳动物与昆虫具有更良好选择性的新产品。本综述分析了过去60年中开发的一系列杀虫剂的发现（或者更准确地说是构建过程）所需的时间。基于外部专利、先前内部产品或全新化学物质对产品发现的时间要求数据进行研究，得出了一些意想不到的观察结果。鉴于发现和开发成本不断增加，加上愿意或能够进行投资的公司越来越少，杀虫剂抗性管理作为一种保护现有和新型杀虫剂的手段变得更加重要。
