频率与强度：框架效应对患者使用言语评定量表锚点的影响。
Frequency vs. intensity: Framing effects on patients' use of verbal rating scale anchors.
作者信息
Krabbe Julia, Forkmann Thomas
机构信息
Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Surgical Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
出版信息
Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;55(8):1928-36. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.010. Epub 2014 Jun 28.
BACKGROUND
The present study examined the hypothesis that patients' ratings would be less congruent and stable if they were asked to rate imprecise terms on frequency and intensity that were embedded in a behavioral or perceptual framework. Based on data acquired from the patients' ratings the presented terms were analyzed concerning their interindividual congruency, intraindividual stability across time and distinguishability of adjacent terms. Afterward, the results were compared to the results regarding the same analysis of unframed terms from an earlier investigation [16].
METHODS
In a longitudinal design, 44 patients (age M=39.1, SD=15.2, 68.2% female) with a depressive disorder filled out two established questionnaires (BDI or SCL-90) and questionnaires containing frequency and intensity terms framed in sentences concerning the subjective experience of sadness. Patients should rate the terms with regard to the percentage of time or intensity that is reflected by each term at two different measuring times within one week. Data analysis contained t-tests for paired samples and effect sizes d according to Cohen.
RESULTS
The congruency of framed terms was influenced by an additional factor (vocabulary skills) in comparison to unframed terms. However, congruencies for both sets of terms were rather low. In contrast to unframed items, framed terms showed no intraindividual instability for frequency and intensity terms at all, but were influenced by all of the analyzed factors (age, gender, vocabulary skills, depression, and overall mental symptom burden). Patients could distinguish more adjacent framed terms than unframed terms.
CONCLUSIONS
The results give no clear suggestion if unframed or framed terms should be preferred as verbal anchors in self-report instruments. Unframed terms seem to have a slight advantage over framed terms as they are less influenced by the patient's background. However, patients are able to distinguish more adjacent terms if presented framed in a behavioral or perceptual context they are familiar with. Frequency terms showed a higher intraindividual stability of mental representations while both groups of terms exhibited low interindividual congruency. No more than four different verbal anchors could be used safely together in rating scales, as patients with a depressive disorder would not be able to reasonably differentiate more than these.
背景
本研究检验了以下假设：如果要求患者对嵌入行为或感知框架中的频率和强度方面的不精确术语进行评分，那么患者的评分一致性和稳定性会更低。根据患者评分获取的数据，对所呈现的术语在个体间一致性、个体内随时间的稳定性以及相邻术语的可区分性方面进行了分析。之后，将结果与早期一项调查[16]中对无框架术语进行相同分析的结果进行了比较。
方法
采用纵向设计，44名患有抑郁症的患者（年龄M = 39.1，标准差 = 15.2，68.2%为女性）填写了两份既定问卷（BDI或SCL - 90）以及包含用关于悲伤主观体验的句子表述的频率和强度术语的问卷。患者应在一周内的两个不同测量时间，就每个术语所反映的时间百分比或强度对这些术语进行评分。数据分析包括配对样本t检验和根据科恩公式计算的效应量d。
结果
与无框架术语相比，有框架术语的一致性受到一个额外因素（词汇技能）的影响。然而，两组术语的一致性都相当低。与无框架项目不同，有框架术语在频率和强度术语方面根本没有个体内不稳定性，但受到所有分析因素（年龄、性别、词汇技能、抑郁和总体精神症状负担）的影响。患者能够区分的相邻有框架术语比无框架术语更多。
结论
结果并未明确表明在自我报告工具中应优先选择无框架术语还是有框架术语作为言语锚点。无框架术语似乎比有框架术语略有优势，因为它们受患者背景的影响较小。然而，如果术语以患者熟悉的行为或感知背景呈现，患者能够区分更多相邻术语。频率术语在心理表征方面表现出较高的个体内稳定性，而两组术语在个体间一致性方面都较低。在评分量表中，安全地一起使用不超过四个不同的言语锚点即可，因为患有抑郁症的患者无法合理区分超过这些数量的锚点。
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