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根据鲸类动物的能量需求及其猎物在两个不同热带地区的分布情况预测其栖息地。

Predicting cetacean habitats from their energetic needs and the distribution of their prey in two contrasted tropical regions.

作者信息

Lambert Charlotte, Mannocci Laura, Lehodey Patrick, Ridoux Vincent

机构信息

Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé-La Rochelle, UMR 7372 Université de La Rochelle - CNRS, Institut du Littoral et de l'Environnement, La Rochelle, France.

Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University West Campus, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2014 Aug 27;9(8):e105958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105958. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

To date, most habitat models of cetaceans have relied on static and oceanographic covariates, and very few have related cetaceans directly to the distribution of their prey, as a result of the limited availability of prey data. By simulating the distribution of six functional micronekton groups between the surface and ≃1,000 m deep, the SEAPODYM model provides valuable insights into prey distributions. We used SEAPODYM outputs to investigate the habitat of three cetacean guilds with increasing energy requirements: sperm and beaked whales, Globicephalinae and Delphininae. We expected High Energy Requirements cetaceans to preferentially forage in habitats of high prey biomass and/or production, where they might easily meet their high energetic needs, and Low Energy Requirements cetaceans to forage in habitats of either high or low prey biomass and/or production. Cetacean sightings were collected from dedicated aerial surveys in the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) and French Polynesia (FP). We examined cetacean densities in relation to simulated distributions of their potential prey using Generalised Additive Models and predicted their habitats in both regions. Results supported their known diving abilities, with Delphininae mostly related to prey present in the upper layers of the water column, and Globicephalinae and sperm and beaked whales also related to prey present in deeper layers. Explained deviances ranged from 9% for sperm and beaked whales in the SWIO to 47% for Globicephalinae in FP. Delphininae and Globicephalinae appeared to select areas where high prey biomass and/or production were available at shallow depths. In contrast, sperm and beaked whales showed less clear habitat selection. Using simulated prey distributions as predictors in cetacean habitat models is crucial to understand their strategies of habitat selection in the three dimensions of the ocean.

摘要

迄今为止,大多数鲸类动物的栖息地模型都依赖于静态和海洋学协变量,由于猎物数据的可用性有限,很少有模型将鲸类动物直接与其猎物的分布联系起来。通过模拟六个功能性小型海洋生物群体在海面至约1000米深处的分布,SEAPODYM模型为猎物分布提供了有价值的见解。我们利用SEAPODYM的输出结果,研究了能量需求不断增加的三个鲸类动物类群的栖息地:抹香鲸和喙鲸、领航鲸亚科和海豚亚科。我们预计高能量需求的鲸类动物会优先在高猎物生物量和/或产量的栖息地觅食,在那里它们可能很容易满足其高能量需求,而低能量需求的鲸类动物会在高或低猎物生物量和/或产量的栖息地觅食。鲸类动物的目击数据是从西南印度洋(SWIO)和法属波利尼西亚(FP)专门的空中调查中收集的。我们使用广义相加模型,研究了鲸类动物密度与其潜在猎物模拟分布的关系,并预测了这两个地区它们的栖息地。结果支持了它们已知的潜水能力,海豚亚科大多与水柱上层的猎物有关,领航鲸亚科以及抹香鲸和喙鲸也与较深层的猎物有关。解释偏差范围从西南印度洋抹香鲸和喙鲸的9%到法属波利尼西亚领航鲸亚科的47%。海豚亚科和领航鲸亚科似乎选择了浅水区有高猎物生物量和/或产量的区域。相比之下,抹香鲸和喙鲸的栖息地选择不太明显。在鲸类动物栖息地模型中使用模拟猎物分布作为预测因子,对于理解它们在海洋三维空间中的栖息地选择策略至关重要。

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