Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, and.
Pediatrics. 2014 Oct;134(4):e1040-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1295. Epub 2014 Sep 8.
Environmental factors such as serious trauma or abuse and related stress can lead to nightmares or night terrors. Being bullied can be very distressing for children, and victims display long-term social, psychological, and health consequences. Unknown is whether being bullied by peers may increase the risk for experiencing parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors, or sleepwalking.
A total of 6796 children of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort were interviewed at elementary school age (8 and 10 years) about bullying experiences with a previously validated bullying interview and at secondary school age (12.9 years) about parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking by trained postgraduate psychologists.
Even after adjusting for pre-existing factors related to bullying and parasomnias, being bullied predicted having nightmares (8 years odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.44; 10 years OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.35-1.94) or night terrors (8 years OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.75; 10 years OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.98) at age 12 to 13 years. Especially being a chronic victim was associated with both nightmares (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.46-2.27) and night terrors (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.48-2.74). Being a bully/victim also increased the risk for any parasomnia at ages 8 or 10 years (8 years OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.88; 10 years OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.30-2.36). In contrast, bullies had no increased risk for any parasomnias.
Being bullied increases the risk for having parasomnias. Hence, parents, teachers, school counselors, and clinicians may consider asking about bullying experiences if a child is having parasomnias.
严重创伤或虐待等环境因素以及相关压力会导致梦魇或夜惊。被欺凌对儿童来说非常痛苦，受害者会表现出长期的社会、心理和健康后果。目前尚不清楚被同龄人欺凌是否会增加梦魇、夜惊或梦游等睡眠障碍的风险。
共有 6796 名阿冯纵向研究父母和儿童（ALSPAC）出生队列的儿童在小学年龄（8 岁和 10 岁）接受了之前经过验证的欺凌访谈，以了解欺凌经历，在中学年龄（12.9 岁）接受了经过培训的研究生心理学家的关于梦魇、夜惊和梦游等睡眠障碍的访谈。
即使在校正了与欺凌和睡眠障碍相关的预先存在的因素后，被欺凌也预示着在 12 至 13 岁时会出现梦魇（8 岁时的优势比 [OR]，1.23；95%置信区间 [CI]，1.05-1.44；10 岁时 OR，1.62；95% CI，1.35-1.94）或夜惊（8 岁时 OR，1.39；95% CI，1.10-1.75；10 岁时 OR，1.53；95% CI，1.18-1.98）。特别是成为慢性受害者与梦魇（OR，1.82；95% CI，1.46-2.27）和夜惊（OR，2.01；95% CI，1.48-2.74）都有关。既是欺凌者又是受害者也会增加 8 岁或 10 岁时任何睡眠障碍的风险（8 岁时 OR，1.42；95% CI，1.08-1.88；10 岁时 OR，1.75；95% CI，1.30-2.36）。相比之下，欺凌者没有任何睡眠障碍的风险增加。
被欺凌会增加发生睡眠障碍的风险。因此，如果孩子出现睡眠障碍，父母、老师、学校辅导员和临床医生可能会考虑询问欺凌经历。
