Jonker Frank A, Jonker Cees, Scheltens Philip, Scherder Erik J A
Rev Neurosci. 2015;26(1):1-11. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0043.
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a crucial role in behavior and is a common site for damage due to different types of injuries, e.g., closed head injuries, cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, neurosurgical interventions. Despite the (severe) behavioral changes following OFC lesions, persons with damage to the OFC appear to be cognitively intact, i.e., at least when assessed by means of standard neuropsychological tests. Meanwhile, neuropsychological tests addressing reversal learning, gambling, and social cognition show a decline in these patients. The goal of the present review is to link the performance of these latter neuropsychological tests to behavior. The results suggest that in patients with orbitofrontal lesions, reversal learning is more associated with behavioral disinhibition and that impairment in recognition of expressed emotion is more associated with social inappropriate behavior. The faux pas test (theory of mind) appears not to be sensitive to orbitofrontal lesions. Future studies should involve a larger numbers of patients with well-defined locations in the OFC and should integrate specific neuropsychological tests and quantitative behavioral measures to better understand the contribution of the OFC to cognition and behavior.
眶额皮质（OFC）在行为中起着关键作用，并且是因不同类型损伤（例如闭合性颅脑损伤、脑血管意外、肿瘤、神经外科手术干预）而受损的常见部位。尽管眶额皮质损伤后会出现（严重的）行为变化，但眶额皮质受损的人在认知方面似乎是完整的，即至少在通过标准神经心理学测试进行评估时是这样。与此同时，针对逆向学习、赌博和社会认知的神经心理学测试表明这些患者的能力有所下降。本综述的目的是将这些后一种神经心理学测试的表现与行为联系起来。结果表明，在眶额皮质损伤的患者中，逆向学习与行为抑制解除的关联更大，而对表达情感的识别受损与社会不适当行为的关联更大。失言测试（心理理论）似乎对眶额皮质损伤不敏感。未来的研究应纳入更多眶额皮质位置明确的患者，并应整合特定的神经心理学测试和定量行为测量方法，以更好地理解眶额皮质对认知和行为的作用。
