Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Talanta. 2015 Jan;131:650-5. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.014. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) have drawn significant attention within the last decade for both scientific and legislative reasons. In Turkey, the Regulation Regarding the Use of Domestic and Urban Sludges on Land states a limit value for the sum of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) as NPE (NPE=NP+NP1EO+NP2EO). Unfortunately a standard method for the determination of these chemicals has not been yet set by the authorities and no data exists about the concentrations of NP and NPEOs in sewage sludge in Turkey. The aim of this study is to propose simple and easily applicable extraction and measurement techniques for 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in sewage sludge samples and investigate the year round concentrations in a Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Turkey. Different extraction techniques and GC/MS methods for sewage sludge were tested. The best extraction method for these compounds was found to be ultrasonication (5 min) using acetone as the solvent with acceptable recovery of analytes suggested by USEPA and other studies. The optimized extraction method showed good repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 6%. The recovery of analytes were within acceptable limits suggested by USEPA and other studies. The limits of detection (LODs) were 6 µg kg(-1) for NP and NP1EO, 12 µg kg(-1) for NP2EO and 0.03 µg kg(-1) for 4-n-NP. The developed method was applied to sewage sludge samples obtained from the Central WWTP in Ankara, Turkey. The sum NPE (NP+NP1EO+NP2EO) was found to be in between 5.5 µg kg(-1) and 19.5 µg kg(-1), values which are in compliance with Turkish and European regulations.
壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPEOs) 在过去十年中因其科学和立法原因而受到广泛关注。在土耳其，《关于在土地上使用国内和城市污泥的规定》规定了非壬基酚 (NP)、壬基酚单乙氧基化物 (NP1EO) 和壬基酚二乙氧基化物 (NP2EO) 总和的限值作为 NPE（NPE=NP+NP1EO+NP2EO）。不幸的是，当局尚未为这些化学品制定标准方法，也没有关于土耳其污水污泥中 NP 和 NPEOs 浓度的数据。本研究的目的是提出简单且易于应用的提取和测量技术，用于测定污水污泥样品中的 4-正壬基酚 (4-n-NP)、NP、NP1EO 和 NP2EO，并研究土耳其一家大都市污水处理厂 (WWTP) 全年的浓度。测试了不同的提取技术和 GC/MS 方法用于污水污泥。结果发现，对于这些化合物，最佳的提取方法是使用丙酮作为溶剂的超声提取（5 分钟），回收率可接受，符合 USEPA 和其他研究的建议。优化后的提取方法具有良好的重复性，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 小于 6%。分析物的回收率在 USEPA 和其他研究建议的可接受范围内。NP 和 NP1EO 的检出限 (LOD) 为 6 µg kg(-1)，NP2EO 的 LOD 为 12 µg kg(-1)，4-n-NP 的 LOD 为 0.03 µg kg(-1)。该方法应用于从土耳其安卡拉中央 WWTP 获得的污水污泥样品。NPE（NP+NP1EO+NP2EO）的总和在 5.5 µg kg(-1) 和 19.5 µg kg(-1) 之间，符合土耳其和欧洲的规定。
