Papa Anselmo, Caruso Davide, Tomao Silverio, Rossi Luigi, Zaccarelli Eleonora, Tomao Federica
Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Oncology Unit - ICOT, Via Franco Faggiana, 1668, Department of medico-surgical sciences and biotechnologies , Latina , Italy +3907736513342 ;
Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2015 Jan;19(1):55-75. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2014.970176. Epub 2014 Oct 13.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) makes up about 10 - 20% of all breast cancers and the lack of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/Neu expression is responsible for poor prognosis, no targeted therapies and trouble in the clinical management. Tumor heterogeneity, also within the same tumor, is a major cause for this difficulty. Based on the introduction of new biological drugs against different kinds of tumor, many efforts have been made for classification of genetic alterations present in TNBC, leading to the identification of several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in breast cancer carcinogenesis.
In this review we investigated the molecular alteration present in TNBC which could lead to the creation of new targeted therapies in the future, with the aim to counteract this disease in the most effective way.
In this context some hormone receptors like G-protein-coupled receptor 30 and androgen receptors may be a fascinating area to investigate; also, angiogenesis, represented not only by the classical VEGF/VEGFR relationship, but also by other molecules, like semaphorins, fibroblast growth factor and heparin-binding-EGF-like, is a mechanism in which new developments are expected. In this perspective, one technique that may show promise is the gene therapy; in particular the gene transfer could correct abnormal genetic function in cancer cells.
三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）约占所有乳腺癌的10%-20%，缺乏激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体2/Neu表达导致预后不良、缺乏靶向治疗以及临床管理困难。肿瘤异质性，即使在同一肿瘤内，也是造成这一困难的主要原因。基于针对不同类型肿瘤的新型生物药物的引入，人们为TNBC中存在的基因改变分类做出了许多努力，从而鉴定出了一些参与乳腺癌致癌过程的癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因。
在本综述中，我们研究了TNBC中存在的分子改变，这些改变可能会在未来促成新的靶向治疗方法，旨在以最有效的方式对抗这种疾病。
在这种情况下，一些激素受体，如G蛋白偶联受体30和雄激素受体，可能是一个引人关注的研究领域；此外，血管生成不仅以经典的血管内皮生长因子/血管内皮生长因子受体关系为代表，还由其他分子，如信号素、成纤维细胞生长因子和肝素结合表皮生长因子样分子所代表，是一个有望取得新进展的机制。从这个角度来看，一种可能有前景的技术是基因治疗；特别是基因转移可以纠正癌细胞中的异常基因功能。
