Feng Chunliang, Luo Yue-Jia, Krueger Frank
State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Feb;36(2):591-602. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22649. Epub 2014 Oct 18.
The willingness to incur personal costs to enforce prosocial norms represents a hallmark of human civilization. Although recent neuroscience studies have used the ultimatum game to understand the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie the enforcement of fairness norms; however, a precise characterization of the neural systems underlying fairness-related norm enforcement remains elusive. In this study, we used a coordinate-based meta-analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using the ultimatum game with the goal to provide an additional level of evidence for the refinement of the underlying neural architecture of this human puzzling behavior. Our results demonstrated a convergence of reported activation foci in brain networks associated with psychological components of fairness-related normative decision making, presumably reflecting a reflexive and intuitive system (System 1) and a reflective and deliberate system (System 2). System 1 (anterior insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex [PFC]) may be associated with the reflexive and intuitive responses to norm violations, representing a motivation to punish norm violators. Those intuitive responses conflict with economic self-interest, encoded in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which may engage cognitive control from a reflective and deliberate System 2 to resolve the conflict by either suppressing (ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, left dorsolateral PFC, and rostral ACC) the intuitive responses or over-riding self-interest (right dorsolateral PFC). Taken together, we suggest that fairness-related norm enforcement recruits an intuitive system for rapid evaluation of norm violations and a deliberate system for integrating both social norms and self-interest to regulate the intuitive system in favor of more flexible decision making.
愿意承担个人成本来执行亲社会规范是人类文明的一个标志。尽管最近的神经科学研究利用最后通牒博弈来理解公平规范执行背后的神经心理机制；然而，与公平相关的规范执行背后的神经系统的确切特征仍然难以捉摸。在本研究中，我们对使用最后通牒博弈的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究进行了基于坐标的元分析，目的是为完善这种人类令人困惑行为的潜在神经结构提供额外的证据水平。我们的结果表明，在与公平相关的规范性决策的心理成分相关的脑网络中，报告的激活焦点出现了汇聚，大概反映了一个反射性和直觉性系统（系统1）和一个反思性和深思熟虑性系统（系统2）。系统1（前脑岛、腹内侧前额叶皮层[PFC]）可能与对违反规范的反射性和直觉性反应有关，代表了惩罚违反规范者的动机。这些直觉反应与背侧前扣带回皮层（ACC）中编码的经济自我利益相冲突，背侧前扣带回皮层可能会从反思性和深思熟虑性的系统2中进行认知控制，通过抑制（腹外侧PFC、背内侧PFC、左背外侧PFC和喙部ACC）直觉反应或超越自我利益（右背外侧PFC）来解决冲突。综上所述，我们认为与公平相关的规范执行会招募一个直觉系统来快速评估违反规范的行为，以及一个深思熟虑的系统来整合社会规范和自我利益，以调节直觉系统，从而做出更灵活的决策。
