Highly solid-state emissive pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene salts: emission color-tuning with counter anions and application for optical waveguides.

In this paper seven salts of pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene with different anions are reported. They show typical aggregation-induced emission. Crystal structures of three of the salts with (CF(3)SO(2))(2) N(-), CF(3) SO(3)(-), and SbF(6)(-) as the respective counter anions, are determined. The emission behavior of their amorphous and crystalline solids is investigated. Both amorphous and crystalline solids, except for the one with I(-), are highly emissive. Certain amorphous solids are red-emissive with almost the same quantum yields and fluorescence life-times. However, some crystalline solids are found to show different emission colors varying from green to yellow. Thus, their emission colors can be tuned by the counter anions. Furthermore, certain crystalline solids are highly emissive compared to the respective amorphous solids. Such solid-state emission behavior of these pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene salts is interpreted on the basis of their crystal structures. In addition, optical waveguiding behavior of fabricated microrods is presented.